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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerr-Metrik</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Kerr-Metrik</b> (nach <a href="Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Roy Kerr</a>, der sie 1963 veröffentlicht hat)<sup id="cite_ref-kerr_1963_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerr_1963-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist eine <a href="Station%C3%A4rer_Vorgang" title="Stationärer Vorgang">stationäre</a> und <a href="Achsensymmetrie" title="Achsensymmetrie">axialsymmetrische</a> <a href="Vakuuml%C3%B6sung" title="Vakuumlösung">Vakuumlösung</a> der <a href="Einsteinsche_Feldgleichungen" title="Einsteinsche Feldgleichungen">einsteinschen Feldgleichungen</a>. Sie beschreibt die <a href="Raumzeit" title="Raumzeit">Raumzeit</a> und damit auch das <a href="Gravitationsfeld" title="Gravitationsfeld">Gravitationsfeld</a> eines un<a href="Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung">geladenen</a> und <a href="Rotation_(Physik)" title="Rotation (Physik)">rotierenden</a> <a href="Schwarzes_Loch" title="Schwarzes Loch">Schwarzen Loches</a>.
</p><p>Im Gegensatz zur <a href="Schwarzschild-Metrik" title="Schwarzschild-Metrik">Schwarzschild-Metrik</a>, die auch im <a href="Au%C3%9Fenbereich" title="Außenbereich">Außenbereich</a> eines nichtrotierenden und <a href="Radialsymmetrie" title="Radialsymmetrie">sphärisch-symmetrischen</a> Körpers beliebiger Ausdehnung gilt (und damit nicht nur für Schwarze Löcher, sondern auch für Sterne), beschreibt die Kerr-<a href="Metrischer_Tensor" title="Metrischer Tensor">Metrik</a> im Wesentlichen die Raumzeit eines Schwarzen Lochs, denn schnell rotierende Sterne haben oft ein nicht zu vernachlässigendes <a href="Multipolmoment" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipolmoment">Multipolmoment</a> und unterschiedliche <a href="Dichtegradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichtegradient">Dichtegradienten</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sodass sich ihre Raumzeit-Geometrie erst in einem gewissen Abstand von ihrer Oberfläche der Kerr-Metrik annähert.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Jeweils kurz nach der Entdeckung der Schwarzschild- bzw. Kerr-Metrik wurden auch die zugehörigen Verallgemeinerungen für den Fall von elektrisch geladenen Schwarzen Löchern gefunden.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameter">Parameter</h2></div>
<p>Die Kerr-Metrik enthält neben den vier raumzeitlichen Koordinaten noch zwei Parameter:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> steht für die gravitierende Masse inklusive der <a href="Rotationsenergie" title="Rotationsenergie">Rotationsenergie</a>.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> wird <b>Kerr-Parameter</b> oder auch Spinparameter genannt. In <a href="Geometrisiertes_Einheitensystem" title="Geometrisiertes Einheitensystem">geometrisierten Einheiten</a> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=c=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=c=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e39d46bcab0fb0fdacbe443e08e4ff3af308035f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.193ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=c=1}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Gravitationskonstante" title="Gravitationskonstante">Gravitationskonstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, <a href="Lichtgeschwindigkeit" title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit">Lichtgeschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span>) berechnet sich der <a href="Drehimpuls" title="Drehimpuls">Drehimpuls</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span> des Schwarzen Loches gemäß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J=a\cdot M\Leftrightarrow a={\tfrac {J}{M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>J</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J=a\cdot M\Leftrightarrow a={\tfrac {J}{M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0709a6fb9e014480d84499ebd06f60c1a585ce4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:20.426ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J=a\cdot M\Leftrightarrow a={\tfrac {J}{M}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Wird einem Schwarzen Loch mithilfe des <a href="Penrose-Prozess" title="Penrose-Prozess">Penrose-Prozesses</a><sup id="cite_ref-mtw_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seine gesamte Rotationsenergie entzogen, so reduziert sich seine gravitierende Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die <i>irreduzible Masse</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {ir} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {ir} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5153a2b42d6021ba54b69afc71f5d2c17bb72f2d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.588ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {ir} }}" loading="lazy"></span>; <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ist also eine Funktion der irreduziblen Masse und des Drehimpulses:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=f(M_{\mathrm {ir} },J)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=f(M_{\mathrm {ir} },J)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93492b6ff337952c8fccba555af3d4cb7f075354.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.722ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=f(M_{\mathrm {ir} },J)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Vom Nordpol aus betrachtet beschreibt:
</p>
<ul><li>ein positiver Drehimpuls eine Rotation <i>gegen</i> den Uhrzeigersinn</li>
<li>ein negativer Drehimpuls eine Rotation <i>im</i> Uhrzeigersinn.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koordinaten">Koordinaten</h2></div>
<p>In den folgenden Abschnitten werden für die weitere Beschreibung der Eigenschaften eines rotierenden Schwarzen Loches immer geometrisierte Einheiten und <a href="Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten" title="Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten">Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten</a> verwendet. Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten sind verallgemeinerte <a href="Kugelkoordinaten" title="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</a>. Diese enthalten neben einer <a href="Zeitartig" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitartig">zeitartigen</a> Koordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> demnach auch eine radiale Koordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>, die im Folgenden häufig verwendet wird.
</p><p>Die <a href="Polstelle" title="Polstelle">Polstellen</a> der Kerr-Metrik in Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten sind nur durch die spezielle Wahl der Koordinaten begründet; das gilt auch für die Polstellen der Schwarzschild-Metrik in Schwarzschildkoordinaten. Durch eine andere Wahl der Koordinaten kann die Raumzeit der Kerr-Metrik bis in das Innere der Ereignishorizonte <a href="Stetig" class="mw-redirect" title="Stetig">stetig</a> und ohne Polstellen in der Metrik beschrieben werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Besondere_Flächen"><span id="Besondere_Fl.C3.A4chen"></span>Besondere Flächen</h2></div>
<p>Die Raumzeit, die durch die Kerr-Metrik beschrieben wird, besitzt aufgrund der <a href="Nullstelle" title="Nullstelle">Nullstellen</a> im <a href="Nenner" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenner">Nenner</a> der Komponenten des metrischen <a href="Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensors</a> einige Besonderheiten, die näher untersucht werden können.
</p><p>Genau wie bei einem ungeladenen und nicht-rotierenden Schwarzen Loch (Schwarzschild-Metrik) gibt es auch hier <a href="Lichtartig" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichtartig">lichtartige</a> und stationäre <a href="Untermannigfaltigkeit" title="Untermannigfaltigkeit">Untermannigfaltigkeiten</a>. Eine dieser Untermannigfaltigkeiten bildet einen physikalisch bedeutsamen <a href="Ereignishorizont" title="Ereignishorizont">Ereignishorizont</a>, weil der <a href="Lichtkegel" title="Lichtkegel">Lichtkegel</a> aller Punkte auf dieser Fläche komplett auf der Innenseite dieser Fläche liegt. Demnach können Lichtstrahlen den Ereignishorizont nur in Richtung hin zur <a href="Singularit%C3%A4t_(Astronomie)" title="Singularität (Astronomie)">Singularität</a> bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/894a83e863728b4ee2e12f3a999a09f5f2bf1c89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.31ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=0}" loading="lazy"></span> verlassen.
</p><p>Neben dem Ereignishorizont gibt es noch eine zweite physikalisch bedeutsame Fläche, die <a href="Ergosph%C3%A4re" title="Ergosphäre">Ergosphäre</a>, die ebenfalls im Folgenden näher beschrieben wird.
</p><p>Weiterführende Rechnungen zeigen, dass nur der äußere Ereignishorizont und die äußere Ergosphäre eine eigentliche physikalische Bedeutung haben, der innere Ereignishorizont und die innere Ergosphäre jedoch nicht.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Um eine anschauliche Vorstellung von der Form der besonderen Flächen zu bekommen, kann man
</p>
<ul><li>Koordinaten mit einer anschaulichen Bedeutung verwenden, wie die <a href="#Kerr-Schild-Koordinaten">#Kerr-Schild-Koordinaten</a>; diese werden in den folgenden Grafiken zur Darstellung des metrischen Tensors verwendet.</li>
<li>das Krümmungsverhalten der besonderen Flächen untersuchen; eine Beschreibung des Krümmungsverhaltens kann den angegebenen Referenzen entnommen werden.<sup id="cite_ref-Smarr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smarr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Visser_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ereignishorizont">Ereignishorizont</h3></div>


<p>In Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten entarten die oben angegebenen Komponenten des metrischen Tensors auf mehreren Flächen. Mit den Bezeichnungen von oben kann z.&nbsp;B. der Nenner der rein radialen Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{rr}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{rr}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bad43fe4f64a7a01e7faf98135067a898cd23b32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.824ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{rr}}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich Null werden, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf057da503668fa097746562ae91517330ce5b58.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.197ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta =0}" loading="lazy"></span> gesetzt und nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgelöst wird. Die beiden <a href="Ereignishorizont" title="Ereignishorizont">Ereignishorizonte</a> liegen damit auf
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{\pm }=M\pm {\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{\pm }=M\pm {\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c27e9c9c1714c5a392f70c3723baf4214aed2a1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.589ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{\pm }=M\pm {\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die beiden Flächen, die durch die Werte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{\pm }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{\pm }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9165e3328d173373c32d26072ed55e4eb75cde0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.559ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{\pm }}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert werden, werden bezeichnet als:
</p>
<ul><li>äußerer Ereignishorizont <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{+}=M+{\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{+}=M+{\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ee7374f82af864a634389c7293527d8ca577e9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.942ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{+}=M+{\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>innerer Ereignishorizont <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{-}=M-{\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{-}=M-{\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce4eb5e17c565150e3c1b3c900960466e4b6af6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.942ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\text{H}}^{-}=M-{\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Der Wert unter der Wurzel wird nicht negativ, solange die irreduzible Masse und der Kerr-Parameter als unabhängige physikalische Parameter vorausgesetzt werden.
</p>
<ul><li>Bei maximaler Rotation fallen beide Werte mit dem <a href="Gravitationsradius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationsradius">Gravitationsradius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{G}=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{G}=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe4065e88569b428272a9d7973af0645385727a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.113ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{G}=M}" loading="lazy"></span> zusammen:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=M\Rightarrow r_{\text{H}}^{\pm }=r_{G}=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=M\Rightarrow r_{\text{H}}^{\pm }=r_{G}=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90a3b19be87f7a1800e39f3d449d8c4391c08b55.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.156ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=M\Rightarrow r_{\text{H}}^{\pm }=r_{G}=M}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Bei minimaler Rotation fällt der äußere Horizont zusammen mit dem <a href="Schwarzschild-Radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzschild-Radius">Schwarzschild-Radius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28528468fc3b17c72144f4ba50bb7b4257c1e316.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.052ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{s}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der innere Horizont verschwindet ins Zentrum:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=0\Rightarrow r_{\text{H}}^{+}=r_{s}=2r_{G}=2M;\quad r_{\text{H}}^{-}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=0\Rightarrow r_{\text{H}}^{+}=r_{s}=2r_{G}=2M;\quad r_{\text{H}}^{-}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/355ca77ccc0798f7a637839b64750fc1b5c627df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:40.528ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=0\Rightarrow r_{\text{H}}^{+}=r_{s}=2r_{G}=2M;\quad r_{\text{H}}^{-}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Obwohl die radiale Koordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> bei beiden Ereignishorizonten einen konstanten Wert besitzt, weicht das geometrische <a href="Kr%C3%BCmmung" title="Krümmung">Krümmungs</a>verhalten der Ereignishorizonte stark vom Krümmungsverhalten einer <a href="Kugeloberfl%C3%A4che" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugeloberfläche">Kugeloberfläche</a> ab.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smarr_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smarr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der innere Ereignishorizont, bei dem es sich um einen <a href="Cauchy-Horizont" title="Cauchy-Horizont">Cauchy-Horizont</a> handelt, entzieht sich der direkten Beobachtung, solange für den Spinparameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\leq M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\leq M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de366bcc2dd5dee1781a7481d332b0728bfd03bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.77ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\leq M}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da die Raumzeit im Inneren desselben extrem instabil ist, gilt es als eher unwahrscheinlich, dass sich ein solcher bei einem realen Kollaps eines Sterns tatsächlich ausbildet.<sup id="cite_ref-visser35_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visser35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ergosphäre"><span id="Ergosph.C3.A4re"></span>Ergosphäre</h3></div>
<p>Zwei weitere Flächen ergeben sich in Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten aufgrund eines <a href="Vorzeichenwechsel" title="Vorzeichenwechsel">Vorzeichenwechsels</a> der <a href="Zeitartig" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitartig">zeitartigen</a> Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{tt}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{tt}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b1cc27914684384a6b3203adde4472b82a6c871.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.529ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{tt}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Bedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{tt}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{tt}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd269414b22f5b62f4531b349e55f01e522dbeeb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.79ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{tt}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> führt hier erneut auf eine <a href="Quadratische_Gleichung" title="Quadratische Gleichung">quadratische Gleichung</a> mit den Lösungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\text{E}}^{\pm }=M\pm {\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\theta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\text{E}}^{\pm }=M\pm {\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\theta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01b50bac59cf937fcfcaa7128105ee2dfec3fee2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.264ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\text{E}}^{\pm }=M\pm {\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\theta }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese zwei Flächen können wegen des Terms <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/311894fdc65ae89f6b2e40edac3d3281a0727680.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.643ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\theta }" loading="lazy"></span> unter der Wurzel bei geringem Spinparameter als abgeflachte <a href="Sph%C3%A4re" title="Sphäre">Sphären</a> bzw. <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoide</a> dargestellt werden. Die äußere Fläche berührt dabei den äußeren Ereignishorizont an den zwei <a href="Pol_(Geographie)" title="Pol (Geographie)">Polen</a>, die durch die <a href="Rotationsachse" title="Rotationsachse">Rotationsachse</a> definiert werden; die beiden Pole entsprechen einem <a href="Zenitwinkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenitwinkel">Zenitwinkel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Bei einem höheren Spinparameter beult sich die Ergosphäre von den Polen weg auch auf der&nbsp;<i>z</i>-Achse kürbisförmig<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aus, während der innere Ereignishorizont auf den äußeren zu <a href="Grenzwert_(Funktion)" title="Grenzwert (Funktion)">konvergiert</a> und bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0977500058af49541e1573f49afa61c437ac026.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.77ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=M}" loading="lazy"></span> mit diesem zusammenfällt.
</p><p>Der Raum zwischen den zwei äußeren Flächen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=r_{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>+</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=r_{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23c8cbf07c5cb64596201d4b938cd3c5a8ce9600.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.707ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=r_{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=r_{\text{E}}^{\text{+}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>+</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=r_{\text{E}}^{\text{+}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e514f48e49cfbadd77cca6f4706cd0a44665e68f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.707ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=r_{\text{E}}^{\text{+}}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird <a href="Ergosph%C3%A4re" title="Ergosphäre">Ergosphäre</a> genannt. Für ein massebehaftetes Teilchen ist das <a href="Linienelement" class="mw-redirect" title="Linienelement">Linienelement</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} s^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} s^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b95da7e27887ce21e2e9a67ad7960dec4e7f9a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.437ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} s^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> entlang seiner <a href="Weltlinie" title="Weltlinie">Weltlinie</a> negativ. Da innerhalb der Ergospäre die Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{tt}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{tt}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b1cc27914684384a6b3203adde4472b82a6c871.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.529ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{tt}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Metrik positiv ist, ist dies jedoch nur dann möglich, wenn das Teilchen mit einer gewissen Mindest-<a href="Winkelgeschwindigkeit" title="Winkelgeschwindigkeit">Winkelgeschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> mit der inneren Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> mitrotiert. Es kann deshalb innerhalb der Ergosphäre keine Teilchen geben, die ruhen oder sich in entgegengesetzter Richtung zu der Masse auf der Ringsingularität drehen, da die lokale Transversalgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {zamo} }=\Omega \ {\bar {R}}\ \varsigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>ς<!-- ς --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {zamo} }=\Omega \ {\bar {R}}\ \varsigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8437778089a6bbe3a12846dbf27a583a56bfd716.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.746ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {zamo} }=\Omega \ {\bar {R}}\ \varsigma }" loading="lazy"></span> des Raumzeitstrudels (der <a href="Frame-Dragging-Effekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame-Dragging-Effekt">Frame-Dragging-Effekt</a>) ab dem äußeren Rand der Ergosphäre größer gleich der Lichtgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> ist (Index zamo siehe <a href="#Mitbewegte_Inertialsysteme">#Mitbewegte Inertialsysteme</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-hughes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schatten">Schatten</h3></div>
<p>Beim Schatten eines Schwarzen Lochs handelt es sich um den schwarzen Bereich, den ein Beobachter an der Stelle sieht, wo sich das Schwarze Loch befindet. Es handelt sich also um die scheinbare Ausdehnung des Schwarzen Lochs, die aufgrund der starken Krümmung der <a href="Raumzeit" title="Raumzeit">Raumzeit</a> in der Nähe des Schwarzen Loches immer größer als der äußere Ereignishorizont ist.
</p><p>Der Umriss des Schattens kann entweder mit <a href="Numerische_Integration" title="Numerische Integration">numerischer Integration</a> der <a href="#Bahn_von_Testkörpern">lichtartigen Geodäten</a> oder auch durch <a href="Fourierreihe" title="Fourierreihe">fouriertransformierte</a> <a href="Pascalsche_Schnecke" title="Pascalsche Schnecke">Limaçons</a> berechnet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odyssey_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odyssey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der Beobachter wird im Folgenden als in weiter Entfernung vom Schwarzen Loch und stationär angenommen. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet den Polarwinkel der Position des Beobachters; <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a7bc6e34b53e0e8a8815159c356b1acccf7ea24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.351ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta =0}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta =\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta =\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab4db588619489e27efb50a1d0d5aa016c49ce15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.521ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta =\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht also einer Position auf der Symmetrieachse der betrachteten Raumzeit, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta =\pi /2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta =\pi /2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9cc4628b0f731f81bfabcd8edaca00aa186f03bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.846ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta =\pi /2}" loading="lazy"></span> dagegen einer Position in der äquatorialen Ebene. Die <a href="Wellenl%C3%A4nge" title="Wellenlänge">Wellenlänge</a> des Lichts wird im Vergleich zum Gravitationsradius als vernachlässigbar klein betrachtet.
</p><p>Die <a href="Isolinie" title="Isolinie">Konturlinien</a> sind gegeben durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0=(x^{2}+z^{2}-x\ A)^{2}-B^{2}\ (x^{2}+z^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>A</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0=(x^{2}+z^{2}-x\ A)^{2}-B^{2}\ (x^{2}+z^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fd8dd9851f9c29b041f7b5fd3e87e7928f225e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.405ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0=(x^{2}+z^{2}-x\ A)^{2}-B^{2}\ (x^{2}+z^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit den beiden Parametern
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=\alpha \sin \theta +{\bar {a}}\sin ^{3}\theta \cos ^{2}\theta /5}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=\alpha \sin \theta +{\bar {a}}\sin ^{3}\theta \cos ^{2}\theta /5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a643e1cb56d17cbe85fbb974ad4b2124a758e94c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.249ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=\alpha \sin \theta +{\bar {a}}\sin ^{3}\theta \cos ^{2}\theta /5}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B=\beta +0{,}23\cos ^{4}\theta \ (1-{\sqrt {1-{\bar {a}}^{4}}}),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>23</mn>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B=\beta +0{,}23\cos ^{4}\theta \ (1-{\sqrt {1-{\bar {a}}^{4}}}),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57216ef81c33237f88a305f51fb992794295caaa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.849ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B=\beta +0{,}23\cos ^{4}\theta \ (1-{\sqrt {1-{\bar {a}}^{4}}}),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die noch vom Kerrparameter und der Position des Beobachters abhängen. Ferner gilt noch die folgende <a href="Reihenentwicklung" title="Reihenentwicklung">Reihenentwicklung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\alpha =&amp;-8892{,}68{\bar {a}}^{10}+30413{,}2{\bar {a}}^{9}-46107{,}4{\bar {a}}^{8}+\\&amp;+37064{,}7{\bar {a}}^{7}-18685{,}4{\bar {a}}^{6}+4666{,}5{\bar {a}}^{5}-3894{,}54{\bar {a}}^{4}+\\&amp;+49{,}5645{\bar {a}}^{3}-9672{,}25{\bar {a}}^{2}+2{,}27392{\bar {a}}+9669{,}01{\bar {a}}\ \tan({\bar {a}})\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>8892</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>68</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>30413</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>46107</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>37064</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>18685</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4666</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3894</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>54</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>49,564</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>9672</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2,273</mn>
<mn>92</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9669</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>01</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\alpha =&amp;-8892{,}68{\bar {a}}^{10}+30413{,}2{\bar {a}}^{9}-46107{,}4{\bar {a}}^{8}+\\&amp;+37064{,}7{\bar {a}}^{7}-18685{,}4{\bar {a}}^{6}+4666{,}5{\bar {a}}^{5}-3894{,}54{\bar {a}}^{4}+\\&amp;+49{,}5645{\bar {a}}^{3}-9672{,}25{\bar {a}}^{2}+2{,}27392{\bar {a}}+9669{,}01{\bar {a}}\ \tan({\bar {a}})\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b69467125ae82e416eae460b803ce5f4660c0da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:60.934ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\alpha =&amp;-8892{,}68{\bar {a}}^{10}+30413{,}2{\bar {a}}^{9}-46107{,}4{\bar {a}}^{8}+\\&amp;+37064{,}7{\bar {a}}^{7}-18685{,}4{\bar {a}}^{6}+4666{,}5{\bar {a}}^{5}-3894{,}54{\bar {a}}^{4}+\\&amp;+49{,}5645{\bar {a}}^{3}-9672{,}25{\bar {a}}^{2}+2{,}27392{\bar {a}}+9669{,}01{\bar {a}}\ \tan({\bar {a}})\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =5{,}19058-0{,}343743{\bar {a}}\ \tan({\bar {a}})+0{,}0284803{\bar {a}}-0{,}0470795{\bar {a}}^{\ 27{,}5224}\tan({\bar {a}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5,190</mn>
<mn>58</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0,343</mn>
<mn>743</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0,028</mn>
<mn>4803</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0,047</mn>
<mn>0795</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>27,522</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =5{,}19058-0{,}343743{\bar {a}}\ \tan({\bar {a}})+0{,}0284803{\bar {a}}-0{,}0470795{\bar {a}}^{\ 27{,}5224}\tan({\bar {a}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ccdcc442093f23e1ca232ded85046ae8aef4eea4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:73.294ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =5{,}19058-0{,}343743{\bar {a}}\ \tan({\bar {a}})+0{,}0284803{\bar {a}}-0{,}0470795{\bar {a}}^{\ 27{,}5224}\tan({\bar {a}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=a/M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=a/M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8dbf96b1480fa07716269bc243ef3d0908c9cccf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.163ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=a/M}" loading="lazy"></span>, wodurch die beobachteten Längenmaßstäbe hier in Einheiten von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle GM/c^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle GM/c^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/daa11814509b9fa8dbe6aae5208185e89277ff02.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.492ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle GM/c^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet werden.
</p><p>Der beobachtete Radius des Schattens in <a href="Polarkoordinaten" title="Polarkoordinaten">Polarkoordinaten</a> ist damit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {obs} }=A\cos \vartheta +B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {obs} }=A\cos \vartheta +B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5790f6febeda2f4638e6c87dc0fc4952c1a481cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.37ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {obs} }=A\cos \vartheta +B}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<ul><li>Aus der polaren Ansicht bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a7bc6e34b53e0e8a8815159c356b1acccf7ea24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.351ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta =0}" loading="lazy"></span> rotiert das Schwarze Loch aus der Sicht des Beobachters gegen den Uhrzeigersinn</li>
<li>aus dem Blickwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta =\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta =\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab4db588619489e27efb50a1d0d5aa016c49ce15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.521ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta =\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> dagegen im Uhrzeigersinn.</li></ul>
<p>Der beobachtete Radius des Schattens eines nichtrotierenden Schwarzen Lochs liegt damit bei bzw. knapp über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {27}}GM/c^{2}\approx 5GM/c^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>27</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {27}}GM/c^{2}\approx 5GM/c^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4bfd43f3c984d85da16ce794dd0732f924cf3e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.507ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {27}}GM/c^{2}\approx 5GM/c^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Das trifft auch für rotierende Schwarze Löcher zu, wenn diese aus der polaren Perspektive betrachtet werden. Je weiter die Position des Beobachters jedoch in der äquatorialen Ebene liegt, umso stärker wird die asymmetrische Verzerrung:
</p>
<ul><li>auf der dem Beobachter entgegenrotierenden Seite wird der Schatten eingedellt,</li>
<li>auf der von ihm wegrotierenden Seite ausgebeult.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drehimpuls">Drehimpuls</h2></div>
<p>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a>M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a&gt;M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26e4e794b0db713b6c1fb82297b0def319102cc7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.77ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a>M}" loading="lazy"></span> würde sich theoretisch eine <a href="Nackte_Singularit%C3%A4t" title="Nackte Singularität">nackte Singularität</a> bilden.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> folgerte aber bereits 1974 aus <a href="Computersimulation" title="Computersimulation">Computersimulationen</a>, dass Schwarze Löcher diesen Grenzwert nicht erreichen; seine Simulationen deuteten damals auf einen maximalen Kerrparameter von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\approx 0{,}998M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>0,998</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\approx 0{,}998M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5cc7d0c30d9c71db76576440ebe165e33636e93d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.067ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\approx 0{,}998M}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simulationen zur Kollision zweier Schwarzer Löcher bei hohen Energien von 2009 von E.&nbsp;Berti und Kollegen zeigten, dass der Grenzwert mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=0{,}95M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>95</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=0{,}95M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdd2bd416943e2766b8111b6869ec9ba1ec7c213.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.905ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=0{,}95M}" loading="lazy"></span> zwar fast erreicht, aber nicht überschritten wird, da Energie und Drehimpuls durch <a href="Gravitationswelle" title="Gravitationswelle">Gravitationswellen</a> abgestrahlt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allgemein wird auch aufgrund der <a href="Kosmische_Zensur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmische Zensur">Cosmic-Censorship-Hypothese</a> davon ausgegangen, dass der Grenzwert prinzipiell nicht überschritten werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-luongo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luongo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Diese Begrenzung für Schwarze Löcher gilt <i>nicht</i> für Sterne und andere Objekte mit einer Ausdehnung, die signifikant größer ist als ihr äußerer Ereignishorizont. Bevor solche Objekte zu einem Schwarzen Loch kollabieren, müssen sie also einen Teil ihres Drehimpulses abgeben, bis der Kerrparameter des resultierenden Schwarzen Lochs dann bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a<M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a&lt;M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68e7e4d36824ed4d2cf791759e4a2ca1373a8cfb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.77ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a<M}" loading="lazy"></span> liegt.<sup id="cite_ref-bolin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wheaton_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheaton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kerrtube1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerrtube1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Messungen des Drehimpulses von Schwarzen Löchern wurden beispielsweise im Kern der <a href="Spiralgalaxie" title="Spiralgalaxie">Spiralgalaxie</a>&nbsp;<a href="NGC_1365" title="NGC 1365">NGC&nbsp;1365</a> oder Markarian&nbsp;335 durchgeführt.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ignazio_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ignazio-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linienelement">Linienelement</h2></div>
<p>Im Artikel wird, wie häufig in der <a href="Allgemeine_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie">Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie</a> verwendet, die <a href="Vorzeichenkonventionen_in_der_allgemeinen_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie#Vorzeichen_der_Metrik" title="Vorzeichenkonventionen in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie">Vorzeichenkonvention</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {(-,+,+,+)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {(-,+,+,+)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02040ac2b213b882a454a0991d0f0533344f1028.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.144ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {(-,+,+,+)}}" loading="lazy"></span> für den <a href="Metrischer_Tensor" title="Metrischer Tensor">metrischen Tensor</a> benutzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten">Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten</h3></div>
<p>Das <a href="Linienelement" class="mw-redirect" title="Linienelement">Linienelement</a> der Kerr-Raumzeit lautet in <a href="Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten" title="Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten">Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten</a> und geometrisierten Einheiten, d.&nbsp;h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=c=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=c=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e39d46bcab0fb0fdacbe443e08e4ff3af308035f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.193ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=c=1}" loading="lazy"></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-tapir26_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tapir26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zanotti_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zanotti-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}{\mathrm {d} s}^{2}&amp;=g_{\mu \nu }\mathrm {d} x^{\mu }\mathrm {d} x^{\nu }\\&amp;=g_{tt}\mathrm {d} t^{2}&amp;&amp;+g_{rr}\mathrm {d} r^{2}+g_{\theta \theta }\mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}+g_{\phi \phi }\mathrm {d} \phi ^{2}&amp;&amp;&amp;+2g_{t\phi }\mathrm {d} t\,\mathrm {d} \phi \\&amp;=(\zeta -1)\mathrm {d} t^{2}&amp;&amp;+{\frac {\Sigma }{\Delta }}\mathrm {d} r^{2}+\Sigma \mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}+{\frac {\chi \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Sigma }}\mathrm {d} \phi ^{2}&amp;&amp;&amp;-2a\zeta \sin ^{2}\theta \,\mathrm {d} t\,\mathrm {d} \phi \end{alignedat}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 0em 0em 0em 0em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}{\mathrm {d} s}^{2}&amp;=g_{\mu \nu }\mathrm {d} x^{\mu }\mathrm {d} x^{\nu }\\&amp;=g_{tt}\mathrm {d} t^{2}&amp;&amp;+g_{rr}\mathrm {d} r^{2}+g_{\theta \theta }\mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}+g_{\phi \phi }\mathrm {d} \phi ^{2}&amp;&amp;&amp;+2g_{t\phi }\mathrm {d} t\,\mathrm {d} \phi \\&amp;=(\zeta -1)\mathrm {d} t^{2}&amp;&amp;+{\frac {\Sigma }{\Delta }}\mathrm {d} r^{2}+\Sigma \mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}+{\frac {\chi \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Sigma }}\mathrm {d} \phi ^{2}&amp;&amp;&amp;-2a\zeta \sin ^{2}\theta \,\mathrm {d} t\,\mathrm {d} \phi \end{alignedat}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bfe22ccb6048f0cec6eb87841b1923226d4c052c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.838ex; width:66.318ex; height:12.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}{\mathrm {d} s}^{2}&amp;=g_{\mu \nu }\mathrm {d} x^{\mu }\mathrm {d} x^{\nu }\\&amp;=g_{tt}\mathrm {d} t^{2}&amp;&amp;+g_{rr}\mathrm {d} r^{2}+g_{\theta \theta }\mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}+g_{\phi \phi }\mathrm {d} \phi ^{2}&amp;&amp;&amp;+2g_{t\phi }\mathrm {d} t\,\mathrm {d} \phi \\&amp;=(\zeta -1)\mathrm {d} t^{2}&amp;&amp;+{\frac {\Sigma }{\Delta }}\mathrm {d} r^{2}+\Sigma \mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}+{\frac {\chi \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Sigma }}\mathrm {d} \phi ^{2}&amp;&amp;&amp;-2a\zeta \sin ^{2}\theta \,\mathrm {d} t\,\mathrm {d} \phi \end{alignedat}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit<sup id="cite_ref-tapir26_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tapir26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-valeria_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valeria-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stdtxt_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stdtxt-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>den <a href="Tensor#Ko-_und_Kontravarianz_von_Vektoren" title="Tensor">kovarianten</a> Koeffizienten</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{tt}&amp;=\zeta -1\\g_{rr}&amp;={\frac {\Sigma }{\Delta }}\\g_{\theta \theta }&amp;=\Sigma \\g_{\phi \phi }&amp;={\frac {\chi \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Sigma }}\\g_{t\phi }&amp;=-a\cdot \zeta \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{tt}&amp;=\zeta -1\\g_{rr}&amp;={\frac {\Sigma }{\Delta }}\\g_{\theta \theta }&amp;=\Sigma \\g_{\phi \phi }&amp;={\frac {\chi \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Sigma }}\\g_{t\phi }&amp;=-a\cdot \zeta \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/acee4e9d36f01fb19a8b162909b1f038a118e985.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.624ex; margin-bottom: -0.214ex; width:20.029ex; height:20.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{tt}&amp;=\zeta -1\\g_{rr}&amp;={\frac {\Sigma }{\Delta }}\\g_{\theta \theta }&amp;=\Sigma \\g_{\phi \phi }&amp;={\frac {\chi \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Sigma }}\\g_{t\phi }&amp;=-a\cdot \zeta \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li>den Hilfsgrößen bzw. Abkürzungen
<ul><li><a href="Schwarzschild-Radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzschild-Radius">Schwarzschild-Radius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }=2\cdot M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }=2\cdot M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a26c57d8ee6e94abe2892c8bae5fc873d20bd8d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.311ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }=2\cdot M}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Kerr-Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=J/M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=J/M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7882c34b7aa7a0555451a2c282cc632ff49f686.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.404ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=J/M}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul></li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\zeta &amp;=r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\cdot \Sigma \\\Sigma &amp;=r^{2}+a^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\theta \\\Delta &amp;=r^{2}+a^{2}-r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\\\chi &amp;=\left(r^{2}+a^{2}\right)^{2}-a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \cdot \Delta \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\zeta &amp;=r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\cdot \Sigma \\\Sigma &amp;=r^{2}+a^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\theta \\\Delta &amp;=r^{2}+a^{2}-r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\\\chi &amp;=\left(r^{2}+a^{2}\right)^{2}-a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \cdot \Delta \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e63c02874eb53669195525b0a806a9d18f2c0b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.005ex; width:32.003ex; height:13.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\zeta &amp;=r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\cdot \Sigma \\\Sigma &amp;=r^{2}+a^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\theta \\\Delta &amp;=r^{2}+a^{2}-r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\\\chi &amp;=\left(r^{2}+a^{2}\right)^{2}-a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \cdot \Delta \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>den durch <a href="Inverse_Matrix" title="Inverse Matrix">Matrixinvertierung</a> erhaltenen kontravarianten Koeffizienten</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g^{tt}&amp;=-{\frac {\chi }{\Delta \cdot \Sigma }}\\g^{rr}&amp;={\frac {\Delta }{\Sigma }}\\g^{\theta \theta }&amp;={\frac {1}{\Sigma }}\\g^{\phi \phi }&amp;={\frac {\Delta -a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Delta \cdot \Sigma \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }}\\g^{t\phi }&amp;=-{\frac {a\zeta }{\Delta }}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g^{tt}&amp;=-{\frac {\chi }{\Delta \cdot \Sigma }}\\g^{rr}&amp;={\frac {\Delta }{\Sigma }}\\g^{\theta \theta }&amp;={\frac {1}{\Sigma }}\\g^{\phi \phi }&amp;={\frac {\Delta -a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Delta \cdot \Sigma \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }}\\g^{t\phi }&amp;=-{\frac {a\zeta }{\Delta }}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d7be206c6dc6ecfe765521f14675fac86a6729e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -13.196ex; margin-bottom: -0.308ex; width:22.123ex; height:28.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g^{tt}&amp;=-{\frac {\chi }{\Delta \cdot \Sigma }}\\g^{rr}&amp;={\frac {\Delta }{\Sigma }}\\g^{\theta \theta }&amp;={\frac {1}{\Sigma }}\\g^{\phi \phi }&amp;={\frac {\Delta -a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Delta \cdot \Sigma \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }}\\g^{t\phi }&amp;=-{\frac {a\zeta }{\Delta }}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die felderzeugende, gravitierende Masse inklusive der <a href="Rotationsenergie" title="Rotationsenergie">Rotationsenergie</a>. Die irreduzible Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {ir} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {ir} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5153a2b42d6021ba54b69afc71f5d2c17bb72f2d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.588ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {ir} }}" loading="lazy"></span> hängt mit dem Kerr-Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und der gravitierenden Masse wie folgt zusammen<sup id="cite_ref-tongeren_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tongeren-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}M&amp;={\frac {2M_{\mathrm {ir} }^{2}}{\sqrt {4M_{\mathrm {ir} }^{2}-a^{2}}}}\Rightarrow M\geq M_{\mathrm {ir} },\ M\geq a\\\Rightarrow 2M_{\mathrm {ir} }^{2}&amp;=M\left(M+{\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>M</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msubsup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>4</mn>
<msubsup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msubsup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}M&amp;={\frac {2M_{\mathrm {ir} }^{2}}{\sqrt {4M_{\mathrm {ir} }^{2}-a^{2}}}}\Rightarrow M\geq M_{\mathrm {ir} },\ M\geq a\\\Rightarrow 2M_{\mathrm {ir} }^{2}&amp;=M\left(M+{\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9d0430878a0e7ef1d3c9597354ffb637afdd33a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.956ex; margin-bottom: -0.215ex; width:45.733ex; height:13.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}M&amp;={\frac {2M_{\mathrm {ir} }^{2}}{\sqrt {4M_{\mathrm {ir} }^{2}-a^{2}}}}\Rightarrow M\geq M_{\mathrm {ir} },\ M\geq a\\\Rightarrow 2M_{\mathrm {ir} }^{2}&amp;=M\left(M+{\sqrt {M^{2}-a^{2}}}\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Rotationsenergie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {rot} }=M-M_{\mathrm {ir} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {rot} }=M-M_{\mathrm {ir} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8725841e0a9bf9eb80198e27d3489c88469c5f07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.023ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {rot} }=M-M_{\mathrm {ir} }}" loading="lazy"></span> kann in Übereinstimmung mit der <a href="%C3%84quivalenz_von_Masse_und_Energie" title="Äquivalenz von Masse und Energie">Äquivalenz von Masse und Energie</a> eine Masse zugeordnet werden.
</p><p>Für den Fall einer verschwindenden Rotation (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90d476e5e765a5d77bbcff32e4584579207ec7d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.491ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=0}" loading="lazy"></span>) reduziert sich das obige Linienelement auf das Schwarzschild-Linienelement in Schwarzschild-Koordinaten.
</p><p>Setzt man zusätzlich den Masseparameter auf Null (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b4002e03449266e23b8766bed86d22d1b1c3067.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.703ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=0}" loading="lazy"></span>), so reduziert sich das obige Linienelement auf das Linienelement der <a href="Minkowski-Raum" title="Minkowski-Raum">Minkowski-Raumzeit</a> in <a href="Kugelkoordinaten" title="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</a>.
</p><p>Der <a href="D%E2%80%99Alembert-Operator" title="D’Alembert-Operator">D’Alembert-Operator</a> lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\partial ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }&amp;=g^{\mu \nu }\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{\mu }}}\right){\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{\nu }}}\\&amp;=g^{tt}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\right)^{2}+g^{rr}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)^{2}+g^{\theta \theta }\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)^{2}+g^{\phi \phi }\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi }}\right)^{2}+2g^{t\phi }\,{\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi }}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\partial ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }&amp;=g^{\mu \nu }\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{\mu }}}\right){\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{\nu }}}\\&amp;=g^{tt}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\right)^{2}+g^{rr}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)^{2}+g^{\theta \theta }\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)^{2}+g^{\phi \phi }\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi }}\right)^{2}+2g^{t\phi }\,{\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi }}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8629b24ec14e2b478e886ce593c6c5b76fd23de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.838ex; width:73.699ex; height:12.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\partial ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }&amp;=g^{\mu \nu }\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{\mu }}}\right){\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{\nu }}}\\&amp;=g^{tt}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\right)^{2}+g^{rr}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)^{2}+g^{\theta \theta }\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)^{2}+g^{\phi \phi }\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi }}\right)^{2}+2g^{t\phi }\,{\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi }}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerr-Koordinaten">Kerr-Koordinaten</h3></div>
<p>In der Originalarbeit von&nbsp;R.&nbsp;Kerr wird die Metrik in zwei Koordinatensystemen angegeben.<sup id="cite_ref-kerr_1963_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerr_1963-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bei der ersten Form reduziert sich das Linienelement mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90d476e5e765a5d77bbcff32e4584579207ec7d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.491ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=0}" loading="lazy"></span> auf das Linienelement der Schwarzschild-Metrik in Eddington-Finkelstein-Koordinaten.<sup id="cite_ref-visser10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visser10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die nichtverschwindenden kovarianten metrischen Komponenten lauten:<sup id="cite_ref-komissarov_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-komissarov-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-valeria_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valeria-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{uu}&amp;=\zeta -1\\g_{ur}&amp;=1\\g_{u{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=\zeta \cdot a\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \\g_{r{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=a\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \\g_{\theta \theta }&amp;=\Sigma \\g_{{\hat {\varphi }}{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=\Sigma \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta +a^{2}\cdot (1+\zeta )\cdot \sin ^{4}\theta \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{uu}&amp;=\zeta -1\\g_{ur}&amp;=1\\g_{u{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=\zeta \cdot a\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \\g_{r{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=a\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \\g_{\theta \theta }&amp;=\Sigma \\g_{{\hat {\varphi }}{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=\Sigma \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta +a^{2}\cdot (1+\zeta )\cdot \sin ^{4}\theta \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b622cf486be0f544da3225e76dd702749b7b436.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.671ex; width:36.997ex; height:20.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{uu}&amp;=\zeta -1\\g_{ur}&amp;=1\\g_{u{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=\zeta \cdot a\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \\g_{r{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=a\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \\g_{\theta \theta }&amp;=\Sigma \\g_{{\hat {\varphi }}{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=\Sigma \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta +a^{2}\cdot (1+\zeta )\cdot \sin ^{4}\theta \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die kontravarianten Komponenten ergeben sich durch Matrixinvertierung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g^{uu}&amp;={\frac {a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Sigma }}\\g^{ur}&amp;={\frac {r^{2}+a^{2}}{\Sigma }}\\g^{u{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=-{\frac {a}{\Sigma }}\\g^{rr}&amp;={\frac {r^{2}+a^{2}}{\Sigma }}-\zeta \\g^{r{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=-{\frac {a}{\Sigma }}\\g^{\theta \theta }&amp;={\frac {1}{\Sigma }}\\g^{{\hat {\varphi }}{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=-{\frac {1}{\Sigma \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g^{uu}&amp;={\frac {a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Sigma }}\\g^{ur}&amp;={\frac {r^{2}+a^{2}}{\Sigma }}\\g^{u{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=-{\frac {a}{\Sigma }}\\g^{rr}&amp;={\frac {r^{2}+a^{2}}{\Sigma }}-\zeta \\g^{r{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=-{\frac {a}{\Sigma }}\\g^{\theta \theta }&amp;={\frac {1}{\Sigma }}\\g^{{\hat {\varphi }}{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=-{\frac {1}{\Sigma \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c96ad8fc8b2e762d60e5e23db6e3b198ae990d55.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -18.671ex; width:19.483ex; height:38.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g^{uu}&amp;={\frac {a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }{\Sigma }}\\g^{ur}&amp;={\frac {r^{2}+a^{2}}{\Sigma }}\\g^{u{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=-{\frac {a}{\Sigma }}\\g^{rr}&amp;={\frac {r^{2}+a^{2}}{\Sigma }}-\zeta \\g^{r{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=-{\frac {a}{\Sigma }}\\g^{\theta \theta }&amp;={\frac {1}{\Sigma }}\\g^{{\hat {\varphi }}{\hat {\varphi }}}&amp;=-{\frac {1}{\Sigma \cdot \sin ^{2}\theta }}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die radiale Koordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Polwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> sind identisch mit ihren Boyer-Lindquist-Pendants; die beiden anderen Koordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> unterscheiden sich von den Boyer-Lindquist-Pendants.
</p><p>Der lokale <a href="Beobachter_(Physik)#Allgemeine_Relativitätstheorie" title="Beobachter (Physik)">Beobachter</a> mit konstantem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varphi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\varphi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c29e64043bc6702ec51a4c08ba1a94dc3b7412e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.535ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varphi }}}" loading="lazy"></span> befindet sich <i>nicht</i> auf einer festen Radialkoordinate, sondern <a href="Freier_Fall" title="Freier Fall">fällt</a> radial auf die zentrale Masse zu gemäß
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} r/\mathrm {d} t=-{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\cdot \Delta }{\chi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} r/\mathrm {d} t=-{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\cdot \Delta }{\chi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/050940accd1133d3754f40c93d379988b5875bf1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.65ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} r/\mathrm {d} t=-{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\cdot \Delta }{\chi }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>während er wie der lokale Boyer-Lindquist-Beobachter um die Symmetrieachse rotiert mit der Winkelgeschwindigkeit<sup id="cite_ref-komissarov_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-komissarov-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \phi /\mathrm {d} t={\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\cdot a}{\chi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \phi /\mathrm {d} t={\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\cdot a}{\chi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ef00ef51951ce258d03f8c521b7d5d8cb5c60a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.473ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \phi /\mathrm {d} t={\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot r\cdot a}{\chi }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>So ein gedachter lokaler Beobachter wird in der Literatur auch <i>zero angular momentum observer</i> oder kurz&nbsp;ZAMO genannt.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abramowicz_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abramowicz-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siehe dazu auch weiter unten die Abschnitte <a href="#Bahn_von_Testkörpern">Bahn von Testkörpern</a> und <a href="#Mitbewegte_Inertialsysteme">#Mitbewegte Inertialsysteme</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerr-Schild-Koordinaten">Kerr-Schild-Koordinaten</h3></div>
<p>Die zweite Form des metrischen Tensors aus Kerrs Originalarbeit erhält man über folgende <a href="Koordinatentransformation" title="Koordinatentransformation">Koordinatentransformation</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-kerr_1963_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerr_1963-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Visser_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&amp;=(r\cdot \cos {\hat {\varphi }}+a\cdot \sin {\hat {\varphi }})\cdot \sin \theta \\y&amp;=(r\cdot \sin {\hat {\varphi }}-a\cdot \cos {\hat {\varphi }})\cdot \sin \theta \\z&amp;=r\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \cdot \cos \theta \\{\hat {t}}&amp;=u-r\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&amp;=(r\cdot \cos {\hat {\varphi }}+a\cdot \sin {\hat {\varphi }})\cdot \sin \theta \\y&amp;=(r\cdot \sin {\hat {\varphi }}-a\cdot \cos {\hat {\varphi }})\cdot \sin \theta \\z&amp;=r\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \cdot \cos \theta \\{\hat {t}}&amp;=u-r\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/006c5c083531d0af5687f0c9259628c350979142.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:31.315ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&amp;=(r\cdot \cos {\hat {\varphi }}+a\cdot \sin {\hat {\varphi }})\cdot \sin \theta \\y&amp;=(r\cdot \sin {\hat {\varphi }}-a\cdot \cos {\hat {\varphi }})\cdot \sin \theta \\z&amp;=r\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \cdot \cos \theta \\{\hat {t}}&amp;=u-r\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Koordinaten werden in der Literatur auch als Kerr-Schild-Koordinaten bezeichnet. In diesen Koordinaten wird die <a href="Koordinatensingularit%C3%A4t" title="Koordinatensingularität">Koordinatensingularität</a> am Ereignishorizont vermieden.<sup id="cite_ref-mtw_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zanotti_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zanotti-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-visser10_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visser10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Das Linienelement lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} s^{2}=\mathrm {d} x^{2}+\mathrm {d} y^{2}+\mathrm {d} z^{2}-\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}^{2}+{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\ r^{3}}{r^{4}+a^{2}\ z^{2}}}\ \left(\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}+{\frac {r\ (x\ \mathrm {d} x+y\ \mathrm {d} y)}{r^{2}+a^{2}}}+{\frac {a\ (y\ \mathrm {d} x-x\ \mathrm {d} y)}{r^{2}+a^{2}}}+{\frac {z\ \mathrm {d} z}{r}}\right)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} s^{2}=\mathrm {d} x^{2}+\mathrm {d} y^{2}+\mathrm {d} z^{2}-\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}^{2}+{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\ r^{3}}{r^{4}+a^{2}\ z^{2}}}\ \left(\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}+{\frac {r\ (x\ \mathrm {d} x+y\ \mathrm {d} y)}{r^{2}+a^{2}}}+{\frac {a\ (y\ \mathrm {d} x-x\ \mathrm {d} y)}{r^{2}+a^{2}}}+{\frac {z\ \mathrm {d} z}{r}}\right)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1e44dcb85f95e00eb07fdb602a73a9d366b88f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:95.965ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} s^{2}=\mathrm {d} x^{2}+\mathrm {d} y^{2}+\mathrm {d} z^{2}-\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}^{2}+{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\ r^{3}}{r^{4}+a^{2}\ z^{2}}}\ \left(\mathrm {d} {\hat {t}}+{\frac {r\ (x\ \mathrm {d} x+y\ \mathrm {d} y)}{r^{2}+a^{2}}}+{\frac {a\ (y\ \mathrm {d} x-x\ \mathrm {d} y)}{r^{2}+a^{2}}}+{\frac {z\ \mathrm {d} z}{r}}\right)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aufgrund der verwendeten Koordinatentransformationen gilt die folgende Gleichung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}+a^{2}\cdot \left(1-({\tfrac {z}{r}})^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}+a^{2}\cdot \left(1-({\tfrac {z}{r}})^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b5cb64681cedb2aa7e24da928de4f232ea67765.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.031ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}+a^{2}\cdot \left(1-({\tfrac {z}{r}})^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bahn_von_Testkörpern"><span id="Bahn_von_Testk.C3.B6rpern"></span>Bahn von Testkörpern</h2></div>
<p><b>Für alle ab hier folgenden Gleichungen wird der metrische Tensor in Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten verwendet. Zusätzlich wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca00f82608101fe96e18b56e5a0626193feff2c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.703ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=1}" loading="lazy"></span> gesetzt.</b>
</p><p>Körper, deren <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> so klein ist, dass das zugehörige Gravitationsfeld keinen wesentlichen Anteil zur Raumzeitgeometrie liefert, werden Testkörper genannt. Die kräftefreien Bewegungen dieser Testkörper im Gravitationsfeld des Schwarzen Loches entsprechen in guter Näherung denen von frei fallenden Beobachtern (FFO). Die zugehörigen Bahnen können mit Hilfe des <a href="Hamiltonsches_Prinzip" title="Hamiltonsches Prinzip">hamiltonschen Prinzips</a> und den daraus folgenden <a href="Kanonische_Gleichungen" title="Kanonische Gleichungen">kanonischen Gleichungen</a> oder den <a href="Geod%C3%A4tengleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodätengleichung">Geodätengleichungen</a> beschrieben werden. Aus den kanonischen Gleichungen folgt, dass jede kovariante Komponente eines generalisierten Impulses immer dann konstant ist, wenn alle Komponenten des metrischen Tensors von der zugehörigen Koordinate unabhängig sind.
</p><p>Für Testkörper mit einer invarianten Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> ungleich Null gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p^{\alpha }=\mu {\frac {dx^{\alpha }}{d\tau }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p^{\alpha }=\mu {\frac {dx^{\alpha }}{d\tau }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e63cc933a8cf0d497aa3aaa631790c766a6d923a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:11.709ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p^{\alpha }=\mu {\frac {dx^{\alpha }}{d\tau }}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist der Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> gleich der <a href="Eigenzeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenzeit">Eigenzeit</a> einer mit dem Testkörper mitgeführten Uhr. Die so berechneten vier Komponenten entsprechen dann genau den kontravarianten Komponenten des <a href="Viererimpuls" title="Viererimpuls">Viererimpulses</a> des Testkörpers.
</p><p>Für Testkörper mit verschwindender Masse wie Licht gilt hingegen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p^{\alpha }={\frac {dx^{\alpha }}{d\lambda }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p^{\alpha }={\frac {dx^{\alpha }}{d\lambda }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ae0bf7920bc8d3916ee1ca268f224df252c834c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:10.307ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p^{\alpha }={\frac {dx^{\alpha }}{d\lambda }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit einem geeigneten <a href="Affine_Abbildung" title="Affine Abbildung">affinen Bahnparameter</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span>, der so gewählt wird, dass die gewünschten Rand- oder Startbedingungen für die zu untersuchenden Lichtstrahlen gelten.
</p><p>In beiden Fällen gilt ferner ohne Einschränkungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\alpha }=g_{\alpha \beta }p^{\beta }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\alpha }=g_{\alpha \beta }p^{\beta }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcb0ac5372b528cc571fb01708fc077a1550ed4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:11.32ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\alpha }=g_{\alpha \beta }p^{\beta }}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Bei der Kerr-Metrik sind nun alle Komponenten des metrischen Tensors nicht von der Zeit und der Koordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> abhängig. Es gilt also:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=-p_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=-p_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3cd751c5ba76770041c33addabe29a6d47933a37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.678ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=-p_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{z}=p_{\phi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{z}=p_{\phi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78034392b9d7e44238cffc6f46ee3c65a34d7636.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.064ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{z}=p_{\phi }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> die konstante Gesamtenergie des Testkörpers entlang der geodätischen Bahn um das Schwarze Loch. Sie setzt sich bei Testkörpern mit Masse aus der kinetischen, der potentiellen und der Ruheenergie zusammen, bleibt entlang der geodätischen Bahn immer <a href="Erhaltungsgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Erhaltungsgröße">erhalten</a> und ist damit eine <a href="Integral_der_Bewegung" title="Integral der Bewegung">Integrationskonstante</a>. Ebenso führt die Rotationssymmetrie der Kerr-Raumzeit zur Erhaltung des Drehimpulses <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77a5b940110c5e1fe03782a31c5e700939ae20e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Testkörpers in Bezug auf die <a href="Raumartig" class="mw-redirect" title="Raumartig">raumartige</a> Symmetrieachse der Kerr-Metrik. Diese Symmetrieachse liegt parallel zum Drehimpuls des Schwarzen Loches.<sup id="cite_ref-bardeen1972_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardeen1972-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mtw_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ferner gilt auch immer
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\mu ^{2}=p^{\alpha }g_{\alpha \beta }p^{\beta }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\mu ^{2}=p^{\alpha }g_{\alpha \beta }p^{\beta }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9370a0747da27c2478eb916a52db3807af5f696e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.495ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\mu ^{2}=p^{\alpha }g_{\alpha \beta }p^{\beta }}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p><a href="Brandon_Carter" title="Brandon Carter">Brandon Carter</a> zeigte weiter über die Verwendung des <a href="Hamilton-Jacobi-Formalismus" title="Hamilton-Jacobi-Formalismus">Hamilton-Jacobi-Formalismus</a>, dass es für die Bahnen von Testkörpern auch noch eine vierte Bewegungskonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt.<sup id="cite_ref-carter1968_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter1968-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odyssey_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odyssey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mtw_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Konstante wird in der Literatur als Carter-Konstante bezeichnet. Sie hängt mit der Energie und dem Drehimpuls des Testkörpers wie folgt zusammen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=p_{\theta }^{2}+\cos ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}\left(\mu ^{2}-E^{2}\right)+{\frac {L_{z}^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=p_{\theta }^{2}+\cos ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}\left(\mu ^{2}-E^{2}\right)+{\frac {L_{z}^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22ee92f6325e16314618fdd80497b829f03ea839.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:41.461ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=p_{\theta }^{2}+\cos ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}\left(\mu ^{2}-E^{2}\right)+{\frac {L_{z}^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die vier Bewegungsgleichungen zweiter Ordnung (<a href="Geod%C3%A4tengleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodätengleichung">Geodätengleichung</a>) enthalten einschließlich der invarianten Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> des Testkörpers also insgesamt vier Integrationskonstanten und sind demnach einmal <a href="Integrierbare_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrierbare Funktion">integrierbar</a>. Die Bewegungsgleichungen können damit beispielsweise auf die folgende Form gebracht werden.<sup id="cite_ref-Levin_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carter1968_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter1968-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Sigma {\frac {dr}{d\lambda }}&amp;=\pm {\sqrt {R(r)}}\\\Sigma {\frac {d\theta }{d\lambda }}&amp;=\pm {\sqrt {\Theta (\theta )}}\\\Sigma {\frac {d\phi }{d\lambda }}&amp;=-\left(aE-{\frac {L_{z}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)+{\frac {a}{\Delta }}P(r)\\\Sigma {\frac {dt}{d\lambda }}&amp;=-a\left(aE\sin ^{2}\theta -L_{z}\right)+{\frac {r^{2}+a^{2}}{\Delta }}P(r)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Sigma {\frac {dr}{d\lambda }}&amp;=\pm {\sqrt {R(r)}}\\\Sigma {\frac {d\theta }{d\lambda }}&amp;=\pm {\sqrt {\Theta (\theta )}}\\\Sigma {\frac {d\phi }{d\lambda }}&amp;=-\left(aE-{\frac {L_{z}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)+{\frac {a}{\Delta }}P(r)\\\Sigma {\frac {dt}{d\lambda }}&amp;=-a\left(aE\sin ^{2}\theta -L_{z}\right)+{\frac {r^{2}+a^{2}}{\Delta }}P(r)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14b4bc01bed4ae21d6bc699ac858d2ed7edde0c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -11.005ex; width:44.232ex; height:23.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Sigma {\frac {dr}{d\lambda }}&amp;=\pm {\sqrt {R(r)}}\\\Sigma {\frac {d\theta }{d\lambda }}&amp;=\pm {\sqrt {\Theta (\theta )}}\\\Sigma {\frac {d\phi }{d\lambda }}&amp;=-\left(aE-{\frac {L_{z}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)+{\frac {a}{\Delta }}P(r)\\\Sigma {\frac {dt}{d\lambda }}&amp;=-a\left(aE\sin ^{2}\theta -L_{z}\right)+{\frac {r^{2}+a^{2}}{\Delta }}P(r)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Theta (\theta )=Q-\cos ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}\left(\mu ^{2}-E^{2}\right)+{\frac {L_{z}^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Theta (\theta )=Q-\cos ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}\left(\mu ^{2}-E^{2}\right)+{\frac {L_{z}^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/09569a7cc45c9c4be26e00290578cdfcc3afe49d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:43.946ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Theta (\theta )=Q-\cos ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}\left(\mu ^{2}-E^{2}\right)+{\frac {L_{z}^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P(r)=E\left(r^{2}+a^{2}\right)-aL_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P(r)=E\left(r^{2}+a^{2}\right)-aL_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/623d61dfb34ca3bcae10165b5964b831ee4f58c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.876ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P(r)=E\left(r^{2}+a^{2}\right)-aL_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R(r)=P(r)^{2}-\Delta \left(\mu ^{2}r^{2}+(L_{z}-aE)^{2}+Q\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R(r)=P(r)^{2}-\Delta \left(\mu ^{2}r^{2}+(L_{z}-aE)^{2}+Q\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/098249e06686239db98f7b4a302adbba49397c48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:44.043ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R(r)=P(r)^{2}-\Delta \left(\mu ^{2}r^{2}+(L_{z}-aE)^{2}+Q\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aufgrund des <a href="Lense-Thirring-Effekt" title="Lense-Thirring-Effekt">Lense-Thirring-Effekts</a> rotiert ein spezieller Beobachter mit konstantem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>, konstantem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> und verschwindendem Drehimpuls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77a5b940110c5e1fe03782a31c5e700939ae20e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einer festen Winkelgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> um das Schwarze Loch. Diese Winkelgeschwindigkeit kann in Abhängigkeit von der Koordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {d\phi }{dt}}=-{\frac {g_{t\phi }}{g_{\phi \phi }}}={\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\ a\ r}{\chi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>a</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {d\phi }{dt}}=-{\frac {g_{t\phi }}{g_{\phi \phi }}}={\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\ a\ r}{\chi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd4c77904f665c23b48243487f715f42653173a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:26.56ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {d\phi }{dt}}=-{\frac {g_{t\phi }}{g_{\phi \phi }}}={\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\ a\ r}{\chi }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>So ein Beobachter wird in der Literatur auch „zero-angular-momentum observer“ oder kurz „ZAMO“ genannt. Siehe dazu auch weiter unten den Abschnitt über <a href="#Mitbewegte_Inertialsysteme">mitbewegte Inertialsysteme</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerische_Berechnung_der_Bahnen">Numerische Berechnung der Bahnen</h3></div>


<p>Der Einfachheit halber verwendet man für numerische Berechnungen der Bahnen von Testkörpern für massebehaftete Testteilchen anstelle der Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> einen auf eins normierten Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }" loading="lazy"></span> und für masselose Teilchen wie Photonen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ab94b1d37c7d89cbac284d072253dd7572c9a9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.205ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon =0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Mit den Bezeichnungen von oben gilt:<sup id="cite_ref-odyssey_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odyssey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{t}=-E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{t}=-E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b884124197e3ca64d2d6724613a55b2dbfc57e11.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.767ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{t}=-E}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{r}=\Sigma \Delta ^{-1}{\dot {r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{r}=\Sigma \Delta ^{-1}{\dot {r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b6c5b39c6dddbf9e25f5bb05d39a88e3eaf67941.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:12.569ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{r}=\Sigma \Delta ^{-1}{\dot {r}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\theta }=\Sigma {\dot {\Theta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\theta }=\Sigma {\dot {\Theta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1bbe20ee93b379de67906925102a798de59f6cf6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.847ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\theta }=\Sigma {\dot {\Theta }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\phi }=L_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\phi }=L_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0e83c44f1cd2278405405330413f99dbfb03730.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.154ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\phi }=L_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Komponenten werden auch im <a href="Hamiltonsche_Mechanik" title="Hamiltonsche Mechanik">Hamilton-Formalismus</a> verwendet. Der Punkt über den Variablen steht im Fall eines massebehafteten Testkörpers für das Differenzieren nach der Eigenzeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> und im Fall eines masselosen Testteilchens nach dem affinen Parameter, der anstatt der Eigenzeit die im System der ZAMOs lokal aufintegrierte Strecke des Photons bezeichnet. Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\theta }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\theta }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1aa4fdd3e5ed698ea7889602a0cbe756e670f4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.262ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\theta }}" loading="lazy"></span> die polare <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span>-, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4149f4cd1c5d1087bd8409c84cb0b40f166259a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.233ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{r}}" loading="lazy"></span> die radiale <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>- und das konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\phi }=L_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\phi }=L_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0e83c44f1cd2278405405330413f99dbfb03730.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.154ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\phi }=L_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> die azimutale <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Komponente.<sup id="cite_ref-cebeci_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cebeci-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Da sich die Gleichungen des vorherigen Abschnittes nur bedingt für eine numerische Berechnung der Bahnen von Testkörpern eignen, verwendet man besser Gleichungen, die sich aus dem Hamilton-Formalismus ergeben.<sup id="cite_ref-Levin_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mit den oben angegebenen Abkürzungen und Konstanten erhält man so ein System aus <a href="Gew%C3%B6hnliche_Differentialgleichung" title="Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung">gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen</a> erster Ordnung.<sup id="cite_ref-odyssey_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odyssey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fuerstandwu_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuerstandwu-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {t}}=E+\left(2\ E\ r\ \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)-2\ a\ L_{z}\ r\right)\Delta ^{-1}\ \Sigma ^{-1}={\frac {\varsigma }{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>E</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>ς<!-- ς --></mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {t}}=E+\left(2\ E\ r\ \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)-2\ a\ L_{z}\ r\right)\Delta ^{-1}\ \Sigma ^{-1}={\frac {\varsigma }{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22fecbd1fc00dfd184f24578c5601d8e96c3c25b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:58.971ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {t}}=E+\left(2\ E\ r\ \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)-2\ a\ L_{z}\ r\right)\Delta ^{-1}\ \Sigma ^{-1}={\frac {\varsigma }{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}=\Delta \ \Sigma ^{-1}\ p_{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}=\Delta \ \Sigma ^{-1}\ p_{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a30b394135e1a510439654094d110a9b881596d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.641ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}=\Delta \ \Sigma ^{-1}\ p_{r}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\theta }}=\Sigma ^{-1}\ p_{\theta }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\theta }}=\Sigma ^{-1}\ p_{\theta }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c9e92b61e21fc6156acd8460749a381859aed890.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.219ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\theta }}=\Sigma ^{-1}\ p_{\theta }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\phi }}=\left(2\ a\ E\ r+L_{z}\ \csc ^{2}\theta \ (\Sigma -2r)\right)\Delta ^{-1}\ \Sigma ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>a</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>E</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>csc</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\phi }}=\left(2\ a\ E\ r+L_{z}\ \csc ^{2}\theta \ (\Sigma -2r)\right)\Delta ^{-1}\ \Sigma ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/438c69dfc02525cb7ebfc9a115ec50a34188c1b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.926ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\phi }}=\left(2\ a\ E\ r+L_{z}\ \csc ^{2}\theta \ (\Sigma -2r)\right)\Delta ^{-1}\ \Sigma ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{t}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{t}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1d252f8172f87425b32cf557dbd195b58b1588c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.536ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{t}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{r}=\left((1-r)\left(\epsilon \ \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)+k\right)+2\ E^{2}\ r\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)-2\ a\ E\ L_{z}-\Delta \ \epsilon \ r\right)\Delta ^{-1}\ \Sigma ^{-1}-2\ p_{r}^{2}\ (r-1)\ \Sigma ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>a</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>E</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msubsup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{r}=\left((1-r)\left(\epsilon \ \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)+k\right)+2\ E^{2}\ r\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)-2\ a\ E\ L_{z}-\Delta \ \epsilon \ r\right)\Delta ^{-1}\ \Sigma ^{-1}-2\ p_{r}^{2}\ (r-1)\ \Sigma ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b4c31ad045df4ea82f2d8cc0a3b61c93e4c3482.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:98.507ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{r}=\left((1-r)\left(\epsilon \ \left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)+k\right)+2\ E^{2}\ r\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)-2\ a\ E\ L_{z}-\Delta \ \epsilon \ r\right)\Delta ^{-1}\ \Sigma ^{-1}-2\ p_{r}^{2}\ (r-1)\ \Sigma ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{\theta }=\sin \theta \ \cos \theta \left(L_{z}^{2}/\sin ^{4}\theta -a^{2}\left(E^{2}-\epsilon \right)\right)\ \Sigma ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{\theta }=\sin \theta \ \cos \theta \left(L_{z}^{2}/\sin ^{4}\theta -a^{2}\left(E^{2}-\epsilon \right)\right)\ \Sigma ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c10d23e96d5e225dbf6ba232a75f0b0bb59af112.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:46.784ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{\theta }=\sin \theta \ \cos \theta \left(L_{z}^{2}/\sin ^{4}\theta -a^{2}\left(E^{2}-\epsilon \right)\right)\ \Sigma ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{\phi }=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{\phi }=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0bb624b0f7d1f7eacef71dac84046db07e93cce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.922ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{\phi }=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=a^{2}\left(E^{2}-\epsilon \right)+L_{z}^{2}+Q.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=a^{2}\left(E^{2}-\epsilon \right)+L_{z}^{2}+Q.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81b5385a1d31800720c3608f1712d3c351b03817.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.546ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=a^{2}\left(E^{2}-\epsilon \right)+L_{z}^{2}+Q.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Längen werden in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle GM/c^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle GM/c^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/daa11814509b9fa8dbe6aae5208185e89277ff02.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.492ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle GM/c^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, Zeiten in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle GM/c^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle GM/c^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9848ee4e16239ee2dd63414096ff5817d48206bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.492ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle GM/c^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Spinparameter in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=Jc/(GM^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=Jc/(GM^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21503f9db38f560d37a93ec37dff466273ce767d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.158ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=Jc/(GM^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> gemessen. Die vier Konstanten der Bewegung sind wie bereits erwähnt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E,L_{z},Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E,L_{z},Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55d4cb30fa63662777c4f0df890a39a95e7ba4f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.266ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E,L_{z},Q}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-odyssey_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odyssey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die nach ihrem Entdecker <a href="Brandon_Carter" title="Brandon Carter">Brandon Carter</a> benannte Carter-Konstante:<sup id="cite_ref-carter1968_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter1968-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odyssey_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odyssey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mtw_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=p_{\theta }^{2}+\cos ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}(\mu ^{2}-E^{2})+{\frac {L_{z}^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)=a^{2}\ (\mu ^{2}-E^{2})\ \sin ^{2}I+L_{z}^{2}\ \tan ^{2}I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=p_{\theta }^{2}+\cos ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}(\mu ^{2}-E^{2})+{\frac {L_{z}^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)=a^{2}\ (\mu ^{2}-E^{2})\ \sin ^{2}I+L_{z}^{2}\ \tan ^{2}I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4c13be4f84f3e728f8b0919462a709a31c06967.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:75.525ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=p_{\theta }^{2}+\cos ^{2}\theta \left(a^{2}(\mu ^{2}-E^{2})+{\frac {L_{z}^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)=a^{2}\ (\mu ^{2}-E^{2})\ \sin ^{2}I+L_{z}^{2}\ \tan ^{2}I}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der <a href="Bahnneigung" title="Bahnneigung">Bahnneigungswinkel</a> des Testteilchens.<sup id="cite_ref-tapir26_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tapir26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mtw_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Energie und Drehimpuls können auch aus den Eigenzeitableitungen der Koordinaten oder der lokalen Geschwindigkeit gewonnen werden:<sup id="cite_ref-hughes_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=\ -g_{tt}\ {\dot {t}}\ -\ g_{t\phi }\ {\dot {\phi }}=\left(1-{\frac {2r}{\Sigma }}\right){\dot {t}}+{\frac {2ar}{\Sigma }}{\dot {\phi }}\sin ^{2}\theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=\ -g_{tt}\ {\dot {t}}\ -\ g_{t\phi }\ {\dot {\phi }}=\left(1-{\frac {2r}{\Sigma }}\right){\dot {t}}+{\frac {2ar}{\Sigma }}{\dot {\phi }}\sin ^{2}\theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92c2f33fdd53ec2ad6c81b6dc6f6000560c99235.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:51.397ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=\ -g_{tt}\ {\dot {t}}\ -\ g_{t\phi }\ {\dot {\phi }}=\left(1-{\frac {2r}{\Sigma }}\right){\dot {t}}+{\frac {2ar}{\Sigma }}{\dot {\phi }}\sin ^{2}\theta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{z}=g_{\phi \phi }\ {\dot {\phi }}\ +\ g_{t\phi }\ {\dot {t}}={\frac {\sin ^{2}\theta \ ({\dot {\phi }}\ \Delta \ \Sigma -2\ a\ E\ r)}{\Sigma -2\ r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>+</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>a</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>E</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{z}=g_{\phi \phi }\ {\dot {\phi }}\ +\ g_{t\phi }\ {\dot {t}}={\frac {\sin ^{2}\theta \ ({\dot {\phi }}\ \Delta \ \Sigma -2\ a\ E\ r)}{\Sigma -2\ r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8d4b2b414a580cff44acfb0b51aee2bf1823903.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:47.638ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{z}=g_{\phi \phi }\ {\dot {\phi }}\ +\ g_{t\phi }\ {\dot {t}}={\frac {\sin ^{2}\theta \ ({\dot {\phi }}\ \Delta \ \Sigma -2\ a\ E\ r)}{\Sigma -2\ r}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im Fall eines massebehafteten Testpartikels erhält man die insgesamt zurückgelegte physikalische <a href="Wegstrecke" title="Wegstrecke">Wegstrecke</a> mit dem Integral der Eigenzeit über die lokale 3er-Geschwindigkeit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\bar {s}}=\mathrm {d} \tau \ \mathrm {d} v\ \gamma \ ,\ \ {\bar {s}}=\int _{0}^{\tau }v(\tau ')\ \gamma \,\mathrm {d} \tau '}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>v</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\bar {s}}=\mathrm {d} \tau \ \mathrm {d} v\ \gamma \ ,\ \ {\bar {s}}=\int _{0}^{\tau }v(\tau ')\ \gamma \,\mathrm {d} \tau '}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e1ed86c8dc8b042cac7ef2822d2b157dc4f0f71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:34.465ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\bar {s}}=\mathrm {d} \tau \ \mathrm {d} v\ \gamma \ ,\ \ {\bar {s}}=\int _{0}^{\tau }v(\tau ')\ \gamma \,\mathrm {d} \tau '}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem <a href="Lorentzfaktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentzfaktor">Lorentzfaktor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma =1/{\sqrt {(1-v^{2})}}={\dot {t}}/\varsigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ς<!-- ς --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma =1/{\sqrt {(1-v^{2})}}={\dot {t}}/\varsigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/09d3d8ba67146ed7ff9fc6661e26553a0e8a4a0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:23.562ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma =1/{\sqrt {(1-v^{2})}}={\dot {t}}/\varsigma }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e9a860da256a1bb52d7de0b4583c612b32b9d92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.101ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{r}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{\theta }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{\theta }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b9119fd4a2e9b9ca327f6da477f5213431f22fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.131ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{\theta }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{\phi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{\phi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36c67d7057192377e21c18557d28e3885c0e571a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.34ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{\phi }}" loading="lazy"></span> die Komponenten der lokalen 3er-Geschwindigkeit<sup id="cite_ref-bardeen1972_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardeen1972-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {(v^{r})^{2}+(v^{\theta })^{2}+(v^{\phi })^{2}}}={\sqrt {(v^{x})^{2}+(v^{y})^{2}+(v^{z})^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {(v^{r})^{2}+(v^{\theta })^{2}+(v^{\phi })^{2}}}={\sqrt {(v^{x})^{2}+(v^{y})^{2}+(v^{z})^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/693677c4f7c5ba72e1cba9ba7ddc9d75edec244d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:53.693ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {(v^{r})^{2}+(v^{\theta })^{2}+(v^{\phi })^{2}}}={\sqrt {(v^{x})^{2}+(v^{y})^{2}+(v^{z})^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>entlang der jeweiligen Achsen, und es ergibt sich<sup id="cite_ref-hughes_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\frac {\chi (E-L_{z}\ \Omega )^{2}-\Delta \Sigma }{\chi (E-L_{z}\ \Omega )^{2}}}}={\frac {\sqrt {{\dot {t}}^{2}-\varsigma ^{2}}}{\dot {t}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<msqrt>
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<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
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<mi>z</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\frac {\chi (E-L_{z}\ \Omega )^{2}-\Delta \Sigma }{\chi (E-L_{z}\ \Omega )^{2}}}}={\frac {\sqrt {{\dot {t}}^{2}-\varsigma ^{2}}}{\dot {t}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f49cf42dbdf51b60c74b39f263747b8bcd129bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:41.153ex; height:9.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\frac {\chi (E-L_{z}\ \Omega )^{2}-\Delta \Sigma }{\chi (E-L_{z}\ \Omega )^{2}}}}={\frac {\sqrt {{\dot {t}}^{2}-\varsigma ^{2}}}{\dot {t}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die lokale Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Testkörpers wird relativ zu dem korotierenden Beobachter (ZAMO) gemessen.
</p><p>Die gravitative Zeitdilatation zwischen einem stationären ZAMO mit festem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> und einem stationären Beobachter (Koordinatenbuchhalter), der sehr weit vom Schwarzen Loch entfernt ist, berechnet sich gemäß den definierenden Eigenschaften des ZAMO (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{z}={\dot {r}}={\dot {\theta }}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{z}={\dot {r}}={\dot {\theta }}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec91c13d8a0c008ccbfb95c9494d1af90fc9fc42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.69ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{z}={\dot {r}}={\dot {\theta }}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>) zu:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\mathrm {d} \tau }}={\sqrt {\frac {-g_{\phi \phi }}{g_{tt}g_{\phi \phi }-g_{t\phi }^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
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</msub>
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<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\mathrm {d} \tau }}={\sqrt {\frac {-g_{\phi \phi }}{g_{tt}g_{\phi \phi }-g_{t\phi }^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5a4c887ea340e763adec0e3067c00b9cc3e4fe1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.671ex; width:21.173ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\mathrm {d} \tau }}={\sqrt {\frac {-g_{\phi \phi }}{g_{tt}g_{\phi \phi }-g_{t\phi }^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitbewegte_Inertialsysteme">Mitbewegte Inertialsysteme</h2></div>

<p>Das Bezugssystem (<i>frame</i>) eines lokal drehimpulsfreien Beobachters (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{z}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{z}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/527adb758d6206b9f467e05a562306f9d613030b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.845ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{z}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>), der in der Literatur auch <i>zero angular momentum observer</i> oder kurz&nbsp;„ZAMO“ genannt wird, rotiert in der Kerr-Raumzeit mit einer gewissen Winkelgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> um die i.&nbsp;A. ebenfalls rotierende Masse im Zentrum der Raumzeit; dieser Effekt wird auch <a href="Lense-Thirring-Effekt" title="Lense-Thirring-Effekt">Frame-dragging-Effekt</a> genannt:<sup id="cite_ref-ignazio_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ignazio-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {{\rm {d}}\phi }{{\rm {d}}t}}=-{\frac {g_{t\phi }}{g_{\phi \phi }}}={\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot a\cdot r}{\chi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
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<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {{\rm {d}}\phi }{{\rm {d}}t}}=-{\frac {g_{t\phi }}{g_{\phi \phi }}}={\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot a\cdot r}{\chi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f076c6e150f790566a3c787f0d65a27e3c4e2cb4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.834ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {{\rm {d}}\phi }{{\rm {d}}t}}=-{\frac {g_{t\phi }}{g_{\phi \phi }}}={\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot a\cdot r}{\chi }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Winkelgeschwindigkeit entspricht der <a href="Differentialrechnung#Ableitungsfunktion" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitung</a> der Winkelkoordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> nach der Koordinatenzeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> eines relativ zu den Fixsternen stationären Beobachters, der sich in ausreichend großer Entfernung von der Masse befindet.
</p><p>Da der&nbsp;ZAMO relativ zum ihn lokal umgebenden Raum ruht, nimmt die Beschreibung der lokalen physikalischen Vorgänge in seinem <a href="Bezugssystem" title="Bezugssystem">Bezugssystem</a> die einfachste Gestalt an.<sup id="cite_ref-andreasmueller_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreasmueller-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bardeen1972_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardeen1972-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So ist z.&nbsp;B. nur in seinem Bezugssystem die Geschwindigkeit eines ihn passierenden Lichtstrahls gleich&nbsp;1, während sie im System eines relativ zu den Fixsternen stationären Beobachters aufgrund der gravitativen Zeitdilatation (s.&nbsp;u.) verlangsamt und aufgrund des Frame-Draggings im <a href="Vektor#Länge/Betrag_eines_Vektors" title="Vektor">Betrag</a> und in der Richtung verschoben wäre. Der&nbsp;ZAMO kann deshalb als lokale Messboje verwendet werden, relativ zu der die Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> vor Ort bestimmt wird.
</p><p>Die <a href="Zeitdilatation#Zeitdilatation_durch_Gravitation" title="Zeitdilatation">gravitative Zeitdilatation</a> zwischen einem solchen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> mitbewegten und auf fixem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> sitzenden Beobachter und einem weit entfernten Beobachter beträgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varsigma ={\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\mathrm {d} \tau }}={\sqrt {g^{tt}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ς<!-- ς --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varsigma ={\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\mathrm {d} \tau }}={\sqrt {g^{tt}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4acc929cc97fd8d9933e06d74ed311e93787a4ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.331ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varsigma ={\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\mathrm {d} \tau }}={\sqrt {g^{tt}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die radiale lokale <a href="Fluchtgeschwindigkeit_(Raumfahrt)" title="Fluchtgeschwindigkeit (Raumfahrt)">Fluchtgeschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {esc} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {esc} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5a70f7163fda00416c381d2f9def37bf15b06fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.468ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {esc} }}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich damit über
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varsigma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v_{\mathrm {esc} }^{2}}}}\ \Leftrightarrow \ v_{\mathrm {esc} }={\frac {\sqrt {\varsigma ^{2}-1}}{\varsigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ς<!-- ς --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>ς<!-- ς --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
<mi>ς<!-- ς --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varsigma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v_{\mathrm {esc} }^{2}}}}\ \Leftrightarrow \ v_{\mathrm {esc} }={\frac {\sqrt {\varsigma ^{2}-1}}{\varsigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52c5c7c6bc67a6e9090f645726ccdbcd9af843b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:35.201ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varsigma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v_{\mathrm {esc} }^{2}}}}\ \Leftrightarrow \ v_{\mathrm {esc} }={\frac {\sqrt {\varsigma ^{2}-1}}{\varsigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für einen <a href="Pr%C3%BCfk%C3%B6rper" title="Prüfkörper">Testkörper</a> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=1,\ L=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=1,\ L=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c8ddea6468d50d76267580cff2aed815e107c18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.495ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=1,\ L=0}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{r}=v_{\mathrm {esc} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{r}=v_{\mathrm {esc} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9e545ebfa8b70cc11d8c2d221d1473ec5772a7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.668ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{r}=v_{\mathrm {esc} }}" loading="lazy"></span>, d.&nbsp;h., er entkommt der Masse mit der exakten Fluchtgeschwindigkeit.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kreisbahnen">Kreisbahnen</h2></div>



<p>Die pro- und retrograde <a href="Kreisbahngeschwindigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreisbahngeschwindigkeit">Kreisbahngeschwindigkeit</a> (relativ zum&nbsp;ZAMO) ergibt sich, indem
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{r}=v^{r}=v^{\theta }=0\ ,\ \ \theta =\pi /2\ ,\ \ v=v^{\phi }\ ,\ \ {\bar {a}}=a/M\ ,\ \ {\bar {r}}=r/M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{r}=v^{r}=v^{\theta }=0\ ,\ \ \theta =\pi /2\ ,\ \ v=v^{\phi }\ ,\ \ {\bar {a}}=a/M\ ,\ \ {\bar {r}}=r/M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/137760548ceca957aa62806b144b8a720900157b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:60.834ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{r}=v^{r}=v^{\theta }=0\ ,\ \ \theta =\pi /2\ ,\ \ v=v^{\phi }\ ,\ \ {\bar {a}}=a/M\ ,\ \ {\bar {r}}=r/M}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gesetzt und nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{\phi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{\phi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36c67d7057192377e21c18557d28e3885c0e571a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.34ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{\phi }}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgelöst wird. Damit ergibt sich als Lösung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\pm }^{\circ }={\frac {{\bar {a}}^{2}\mp 2{\bar {a}}{\sqrt {\bar {r}}}+{\bar {r}}^{2}}{{\sqrt {{\bar {a}}^{2}+({\bar {r}}-2)r}}\left({\bar {a}}\pm {\bar {r}}^{3/2}\right)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∓<!-- ∓ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\pm }^{\circ }={\frac {{\bar {a}}^{2}\mp 2{\bar {a}}{\sqrt {\bar {r}}}+{\bar {r}}^{2}}{{\sqrt {{\bar {a}}^{2}+({\bar {r}}-2)r}}\left({\bar {a}}\pm {\bar {r}}^{3/2}\right)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1081af86c8d21112dccf74946e5d54df33a849dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:32.751ex; height:8.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\pm }^{\circ }={\frac {{\bar {a}}^{2}\mp 2{\bar {a}}{\sqrt {\bar {r}}}+{\bar {r}}^{2}}{{\sqrt {{\bar {a}}^{2}+({\bar {r}}-2)r}}\left({\bar {a}}\pm {\bar {r}}^{3/2}\right)}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für die prograde&nbsp;(+) und retrograde&nbsp;(−) Kreisbahngeschwindigkeit.
</p><p>Für <a href="Photon" title="Photon">Photonen</a> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=1,\ \mu =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=1,\ \mu =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bd3a3822b0fe4ec9ced4e58242893ee6021cf67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.666ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=1,\ \mu =0}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich daher
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\pm }^{\circ }=r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot \left(\cos \left({\frac {2}{3}}\cdot \cos ^{-1}(\mp {\bar {a}})\right)+1\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>∓<!-- ∓ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\pm }^{\circ }=r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot \left(\cos \left({\frac {2}{3}}\cdot \cos ^{-1}(\mp {\bar {a}})\right)+1\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d3c1e6c4a7bf18164df0e94feb8c437f0de6dae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:37.191ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\pm }^{\circ }=r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot \left(\cos \left({\frac {2}{3}}\cdot \cos ^{-1}(\mp {\bar {a}})\right)+1\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für den pro- und retrograden Photonenkreisradius in Boyer-Lindquist-Koordinaten.
</p><p>Für ein Photon mit verschwindendem axialen Drehimpuls, also einem lokalen <a href="Bahnneigung" title="Bahnneigung">Inkliniations</a>winkel von&nbsp;90°, ergibt sich ein <a href="Geschlossener_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Geschlossener Orbit">geschlossener Orbit</a> auf<sup id="cite_ref-teo_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teo-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\perp }^{\circ }=r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot {\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\bar {a}}^{3}}{3}}}}\cdot \cos \left({\frac {1}{3}}\cdot \cos ^{-1}\left({\frac {1-{\bar {a}}^{2}}{\left(1-{\frac {{\bar {a}}^{2}}{3}}\right)^{3/2}}}\right)\right)+{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }}{2}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
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</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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</msup>
<mn>3</mn>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
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<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
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</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
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</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\perp }^{\circ }=r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot {\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\bar {a}}^{3}}{3}}}}\cdot \cos \left({\frac {1}{3}}\cdot \cos ^{-1}\left({\frac {1-{\bar {a}}^{2}}{\left(1-{\frac {{\bar {a}}^{2}}{3}}\right)^{3/2}}}\right)\right)+{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }}{2}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8d7b3f68352cb64cc2b0115085c84556938dc55.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.171ex; width:59.86ex; height:11.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\perp }^{\circ }=r_{\mathrm {s} }\cdot {\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\bar {a}}^{3}}{3}}}}\cdot \cos \left({\frac {1}{3}}\cdot \cos ^{-1}\left({\frac {1-{\bar {a}}^{2}}{\left(1-{\frac {{\bar {a}}^{2}}{3}}\right)^{3/2}}}\right)\right)+{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }}{2}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{+}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{+}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d62f4d2fd369c2028aad0382cb7524a18a94a4c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.559ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{+}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{-}^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{-}^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/480fcead01153aa7daf64d172451a3757d9d1e6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.559ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{-}^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> sind Photonenorbits aller denkbaren Bahnneigungswinkel zwischen ±180°&nbsp;(retrograd) und 0°&nbsp;(prograd) möglich. Da alle Photonenorbits einen konstanten Boyer-Lindquist-Radius haben,<sup id="cite_ref-leo_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kann der zum jeweiligen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> passende Inklinationswinkel gefunden werden, indem die radiale Impulsableitung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/297fb882fd2cd1a7d478048c560295be41e22168.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.423ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{r}}" loading="lazy"></span> wie oben auf&nbsp;0, der initiale <a href="Breitengrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitengrad">Breitengrad</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18b67de6bf25dba7a24e66967ff6319858798734.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf den Äquator gesetzt und nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{\phi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{\phi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36c67d7057192377e21c18557d28e3885c0e571a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.34ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{\phi }}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgelöst wird.
</p><p>Für Photonenorbits auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=3M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=3M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/465a71fae6840f3befbb7040d4bb885a2b6dbacd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.752ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=3M}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich außerdem für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> ein aus der Ferne beobachteter äquatorialer Inklinationswinkel von 90°. Der lokale Inklinationswinkel relativ zu einem mitrotierenden Beobachter vor Ort&nbsp;(ZAMO) ist höher (der axiale Drehimpuls ist dann negativ), wird aber aufgrund des Frame-Dragging-Effekts kompensiert. Im Schwarzschild-Limit mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90d476e5e765a5d77bbcff32e4584579207ec7d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.491ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=0}" loading="lazy"></span> fallen die Photonenobits aller Bahnneigungswinkel auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r^{\circ }=3M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r^{\circ }=3M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6998b5092ca8038fdbe1650360e5345552f30c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.806ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r^{\circ }=3M}" loading="lazy"></span> und bilden die kugelschalenförmige Photonensphäre.
</p><p>Im extremen Fall von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0977500058af49541e1573f49afa61c437ac026.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.77ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=M}" loading="lazy"></span> würden sich auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9354edc3bcd6fd8ba98faf9f549dc9f50644d217.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.589ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=M}" loading="lazy"></span> sowohl äquatoriale Photonenkreisbahnen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{+}^{\circ }=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{+}^{\circ }=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d226284f6240b19d3b3c70f3058851f6ea7f50c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.899ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{+}^{\circ }=1}" loading="lazy"></span> als auch gleichzeitig Partikelkreisorbits mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{+}^{\circ }=1/2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{+}^{\circ }=1/2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/199acdd0f8240972079d7418dcf936c8e3f8a99c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.224ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{+}^{\circ }=1/2}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben. Der Grund dafür ist, dass die vom Zentrum ausgehenden Kreise auf der radialen Koordinate denselben Wert einnehmen können, während sie in der <a href="Lokal_flache_Einbettung" title="Lokal flache Einbettung">euklidischen Einbettung</a> auch einen unendlichen Abstand zueinander haben können, wenn sie wie im Fall von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0977500058af49541e1573f49afa61c437ac026.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.77ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=M}" loading="lazy"></span> den gleichen lokalen Umfang <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi {\bar {R}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi {\bar {R}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24bb8c1aab4a0050fc1486108e414b0433c9bc36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.258ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi {\bar {R}}}" loading="lazy"></span> einnehmen.<sup id="cite_ref-bardeen1972_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardeen1972-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Umfangs-_und_Flächenformeln"><span id="Umfangs-_und_Fl.C3.A4chenformeln"></span>Umfangs- und Flächenformeln</h2></div>
<p>Durch die <a href="Nichteuklidische_Geometrie" title="Nichteuklidische Geometrie">nichteuklidische Geometrie</a> ergibt sich als <a href="Umfang_(Geometrie)" title="Umfang (Geometrie)">Umfang</a> <i>nicht</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=2\pi \ r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=2\pi \ r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76965e2b1fb6a86e3b7e795ef229f72ede5a2541.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.005ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=2\pi \ r}" loading="lazy"></span>, sondern:
</p>
<ul><li>in axialer Richtung</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{\phi }=\int _{0}^{2\pi }{\sqrt {|g_{\phi \phi }|}}\ \mathrm {d} \phi =2\pi {\bar {R}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{\phi }=\int _{0}^{2\pi }{\sqrt {|g_{\phi \phi }|}}\ \mathrm {d} \phi =2\pi {\bar {R}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3aa0f169463cfa4ad76e2ebd88f3acaa5e239c8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:28.279ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{\phi }=\int _{0}^{2\pi }{\sqrt {|g_{\phi \phi }|}}\ \mathrm {d} \phi =2\pi {\bar {R}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>mit
<ul><li>dem axialen Radius der Gyration<sup id="cite_ref-hughes_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stdtxt_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stdtxt-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {R}}={\sqrt {|g_{\phi \phi }|}}={\sqrt {\frac {\chi }{\Sigma }}}\ \sin \theta ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {R}}={\sqrt {|g_{\phi \phi }|}}={\sqrt {\frac {\chi }{\Sigma }}}\ \sin \theta ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c51512e2e8a832cb5498ee026fbb012a20bda69e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:25.665ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {R}}={\sqrt {|g_{\phi \phi }|}}={\sqrt {\frac {\chi }{\Sigma }}}\ \sin \theta ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><dl><dd>der am äußeren Ereignishorizont (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=r_{\text{H}}^{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=r_{\text{H}}^{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/44a53ddddeeb2eb6b4ebda6cc62607888a61a94f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.707ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=r_{\text{H}}^{+}}" loading="lazy"></span>) auf der Äquatorebene (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta ={\tfrac {\pi }{2}}\Rightarrow \sin \theta =1,\cos \theta =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta ={\tfrac {\pi }{2}}\Rightarrow \sin \theta =1,\cos \theta =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05c82b1cf184baf4d3e403b6ac3896399e60b8a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:28.059ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta ={\tfrac {\pi }{2}}\Rightarrow \sin \theta =1,\cos \theta =0}" loading="lazy"></span>) für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem Schwarzschildradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b668b847b37f6900527196641a87fe3eb4b5c5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.929ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }}" loading="lazy"></span> zusammenfällt
<ul><li>dem <a href="Polarwinkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarwinkel">Polarwinkel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> (Nullpunkt am Nordpol)</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi =\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{2}-a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \cdot \Delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi =\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{2}-a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \cdot \Delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03fa7be88113a5ba340c8369d7ba6a8bf4c71b45.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.771ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi =\left(a^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{2}-a^{2}\cdot \sin ^{2}\theta \cdot \Delta }" loading="lazy"></span>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta =a^{2}+r^{2}-2\ r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta =a^{2}+r^{2}-2\ r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d320de55eae7c4e6372c481f6c8ead5575ee5f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:17.894ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta =a^{2}+r^{2}-2\ r}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>dem radialen Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> vom Schwerpunkt der Masse</li></ul></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma =a^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma =a^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7510af9acc64feda9a296ea7610e0cb4338fe50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:19.326ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma =a^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\theta +r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>in polodialer Richtung:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{\theta }=\int _{0}^{2\pi }{\sqrt {|g_{\theta \theta }|}}\ \mathrm {d} \theta =4{\sqrt {a^{2}+r^{2}}}\cdot \xi \left({\frac {a^{2}}{a^{2}+r^{2}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{\theta }=\int _{0}^{2\pi }{\sqrt {|g_{\theta \theta }|}}\ \mathrm {d} \theta =4{\sqrt {a^{2}+r^{2}}}\cdot \xi \left({\frac {a^{2}}{a^{2}+r^{2}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/574a02fb520ad823b7f56b96033976193c41f0ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:48.394ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{\theta }=\int _{0}^{2\pi }{\sqrt {|g_{\theta \theta }|}}\ \mathrm {d} \theta =4{\sqrt {a^{2}+r^{2}}}\cdot \xi \left({\frac {a^{2}}{a^{2}+r^{2}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>wobei die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Elliptisches_Integral" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptisches Integral">elliptische Integral 2.&nbsp;Art</a> bezeichnet.</dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Oberfläche</a> des Ereignishorizonts ist <i>nicht</i> gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4\pi \cdot r_{\text{H}}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4\pi \cdot r_{\text{H}}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/084d2a97fe58ae24c890f73dd20a173785832240.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.687ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4\pi \cdot r_{\text{H}}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, sondern<sup id="cite_ref-eagle_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eagle-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {H} }=\int _{0}^{\pi }2\pi {\bar {R}}\ {\sqrt {\Sigma }}\,\mathrm {d} \theta =8\pi M\cdot r_{\text{H}}=4\pi \cdot r_{\text{H}}\cdot r_{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mn>8</mn>
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<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {H} }=\int _{0}^{\pi }2\pi {\bar {R}}\ {\sqrt {\Sigma }}\,\mathrm {d} \theta =8\pi M\cdot r_{\text{H}}=4\pi \cdot r_{\text{H}}\cdot r_{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27753fa33028747b2c5a390ce514a87fc6939fbb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:47.299ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {H} }=\int _{0}^{\pi }2\pi {\bar {R}}\ {\sqrt {\Sigma }}\,\mathrm {d} \theta =8\pi M\cdot r_{\text{H}}=4\pi \cdot r_{\text{H}}\cdot r_{s}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sonstiges">Sonstiges</h2></div>
<p>2022 gelang <a href="Sergiu_Klainerman" title="Sergiu Klainerman">Sergiu Klainerman</a>, <a href="J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie_Szeftel" title="Jérémie Szeftel">Jérémie Szeftel</a> und Elena Giorgi der mathematische Beweis der Stabilität der Kerr-Lösung gegen kleine Störungen bei schwach rotierenden Schwarzen Löchern.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Robert Wald: <i>General Relativity.</i> The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-87032-8.</li>
<li>Robert H. Boyer, Richard W. Lindquist: <i>Maximal Analytic Extension of the Kerr Metric.</i> In: <i>Journal of Mathematical Physics.</i> Vol. 8, Issue 2, 1967, S. 265–281. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1705193" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1063/1.1705193">doi:10.1063/1.1705193</a>.</li>
<li>Barrett O’Neill: <i>The geometry of Kerr black holes.</i> Peters, Wellesley 1995, ISBN 1-56881-019-9.</li>
<li>David L. Wiltshire, Matt Visser, Susan M. Scott (Hrsg.): <i>The Kerr spacetime: Rotating Black Holes in General Relativity.</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-88512-6.</li>
<li>Roy P. Kerr: <i>The Kerr and Kerr-Schild-Metrics.</i> In: Wiltshire, Visser, Scott: <i>The Kerr Spacetime.</i> Cambridge UP, 2009, S. 38–72 (Erstveröffentlichung: <i>Discovering the Kerr and Kerr-Schild metrics.</i> <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.1109">0706.1109</a>).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>Andreas Müller: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/astrowissen/lexdt_k02.html#kerr"><i>Schwarze Löcher: Kerr-Metrik.</i></a> <a href="Wissenschaft-Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Wissenschaft-Online">Wissenschaft-Online</a>, August 2007.</li>
<li>Hendrik van Hees: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}


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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124123602/http://theory.gsi.de/~vanhees/faq/gravitation/node37.html"><i>Gravitation im Universum: Die Kerr-Lösung.</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 24. November 2017 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>). <a href="GSI_Helmholtzzentrum_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" title="GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung">GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-kerr_1963-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kerr_1963_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kerr_1963_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kerr_1963_1-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy P. Kerr: <cite style="font-style:italic">Gravitational Field of a Spinning Mass as an Example of Algebraically Special Metrics</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Physical_Review_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>11</span>, 1963, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>237–238</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.11.237">10.1103/PhysRevLett.11.237</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kerr-Metrik&amp;rft.atitle=Gravitational+Field+of+a+Spinning+Mass+as+an+Example+of+Algebraically+Special+Metrics&amp;rft.au=Roy+P.+Kerr&amp;rft.btitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.11.237&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=237-238&amp;rft.volume=11" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masaru Shibata, Misao Sasaki: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~masaru.shibata/PhysRevD.58.104011.pdf#page=2"><i>Innermost stable circular orbits around relativistic rotating stars.</i></a> (PDF; 220&nbsp;kB).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolaos Stergioulas: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0302034.pdf#page=16"><i>Rotating Stars in Relativity.</i></a> (PDF; 700&nbsp;kB) S. 16, Kapitel 2.8, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0302034">gr-qc/0302034</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mtw-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mtw_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mtw_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mtw_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mtw_4-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mtw_4-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mtw_4-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Misner, Thorne, Wheeler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39851352/Misner_Thorne_Wheeler_Gravitation_Freeman_1973_"><i>Gravitation.</i></a> S. 899 f., 908.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bhat-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bhat_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhat, Dhurandhar, Dadhich: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02715080"><i>Energetics of the Kerr-Newman Black Hole by the Penrose Process.</i></a> S. 94 ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Visser-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Visser_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Visser_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Visser_6-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Visser_6-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Visser: <i>The Kerr spacetime: A brief introduction.</i> (Erstveröffentlichung: <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.0622">0706.0622</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/0706.0622v3.pdf#page=27"><i>S. 27.</i></a> (PDF; 321&nbsp;kB), Formel 116.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Smarr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smarr_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smarr_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Smarr: <i>Surface Geometry of Charged Rotating Black Holes.</i> Physical Review D 7 (1973), S. 269–295, <span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.7.289"><i>Abstract.</i></a> In: <i>journals.aps.org.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 8.&nbsp;Oktober 2022</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AKerr-Metrik&amp;rft.title=Abstract&amp;rft.description=Abstract&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fprd%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.7.289">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-visser35-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-visser35_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-visser35_8-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Visser: <i>The Kerr spacetime: A brief introduction.</i> (Erstveröffentlichung: <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.0622">0706.0622</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/0706.0622v3.pdf#page=35"><i>S. 35.</i></a> (PDF; 321&nbsp;kB), Fig. 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas de Vries: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haegar.fh-swf.de/publikationen/pascal.pdf#page=8"><i>Shadows of rotating black holes.</i></a> (PDF; 227&nbsp;kB).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-marsh-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-marsh_10-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-marsh_10-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Marsh: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/gr-qc/papers/0702/0702114.pdf#page=7"><i>The infinite red-shift surfaces of the Kerr solution.</i></a> (PDF; 965&nbsp;kB), S. 7. <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0702114">gr-qc/0702114</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katherine Blundell: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=72nLCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;lpg=PA31&amp;dq=ergosphere+pumpkin+shape&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=-AixCROvmT&amp;sig=gewjOt7dFnVljzXGe27dnmJ9G8g&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiLtLb__sTTAhWoIsAKHSKMAnMQ6AEIRTAI#v=onepage&amp;q=ergosphere%20pumpkin%20shape&amp;f=false"><i>Black Holes: A Very Short Introduction.</i></a> S. 31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hughes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hughes_12-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hughes_12-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hughes_12-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hughes_12-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott A. Hughes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0101023.pdf#page=5"><i>Nearly horizon skimming orbits of Kerr black holes.</i></a> (PDF; 583&nbsp;kB), S. 5 ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Brennan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~tdanielbrennan/Energy_Extraction_Presentation.pdf#page=17"><i>Energy Extraction from Black Holes.</i></a> (PDF; 2,0&nbsp;MB), S. 17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas de Vries: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haegar.fh-swf.de/publikationen/pascal.pdf#page=9"><i>Shadows of rotating black holes.</i></a> S. 9, Gleichungen (12), (13).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudio Paganini, Blazej Ruba, Marius Oancea: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.06927.pdf#page=21"><i>Null Geodesics on Kerr Spacetimes.</i></a> (PDF; 4,7&nbsp;MB), <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.06927">1611.06927</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Naoki Tsukamoto: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.07427.pdf#page=14"><i>Kerr-Newman and rotating regular black hole shadows in flat spacetime.</i></a> (PDF; 372&nbsp;kB), <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.07427">1708.07427</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grenzebach, Perlick, Lämmerzahl: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1403.5234.pdf#page=9"><i>Photon Regions and Shadows of Kerr–Newman–NUT Black Holes.</i></a> (PDF; 3,9&nbsp;MB), <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.5234">1403.5234</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-odyssey-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-odyssey_18-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-odyssey_18-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-odyssey_18-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-odyssey_18-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-odyssey_18-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-odyssey_18-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hung-Yi Pu, Kiyun Yun, Ziri Younsi, Suk Jin Yoon: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1601.02063.pdf#page=2"><i>A public GPU-based code for general-relativistic radiative transfer in Kerr spacetime.</i></a> (PDF; 8,9&nbsp;MB), S. 2 ff., <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.02063">1601.02063</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kip Thorne: <i>Disk-Accretion onto a Black Hole. II. Evolution of the Hole.</i> In: <i>Astrophysical Journal,</i> Band 191, 1974, S. 507–520, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974ApJ...191..507T">1974ApJ...191..507T</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berti u. a: <i>Cross section, final spin and zoom-whirl behavior in high-energy black hole collisions.</i> In: <i>Phys. Rev. Lett.,</i> Band 103, 2009, S. 131102, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0907.1252">0907.1252</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-luongo-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-luongo_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlando Luongo, Hernando Quevedo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1407.1530.pdf"><i>Characterizing repulsive gravity with curvature eigenvalues.</i></a> (PDF; 253&nbsp;kB).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bolin-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bolin_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joakim Bolin, Ingemar Bengtsson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215165013/http://www.fysik.su.se/~ingemar/relteori/The%20Angular%20Momentum%20of%20Kerr%20Black%20Holes.pdf#page=2"><i>The Angular Momentum of Kerr Black Holes.</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 15. Dezember 2017 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>). (PDF), S. 5, 10 f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wheaton-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wheaton_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Wheaton: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwheaton.com/waw/mad/mad15.html"><i>Rotation Speed of a Black Hole.</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kerrtube1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kerrtube1_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Kerr: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeLkmS3PZ5g&amp;t=36m47s"><i>Spinning Black Holes.</i></a> (Youtube, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeLkmS3PZ5g&amp;t=36m47s"><i>Zeitstempel 36:47.</i></a>) Crafoord Prize Symposium in Astronomy.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-harvard1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-harvard1_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304004517/https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2013-07"><i>Supermassive Black Hole Spins Super-Fast.</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 4. März 2021 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) In: <i>Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ignazio-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ignazio_26-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ignazio_26-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ignazio Ciufolini: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06071"><i>Dragging of inertial frames.</i></a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06071" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nature06071">doi:10.1038/nature06071</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nasa1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/august/nasas-nustar-sees-rare-blurring-of-black-hole-light/"><i>NuSTAR Sees Rare Blurring of Black Hole Light.</i></a> In: <i>NASA.gov.</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tapir26-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tapir26_28-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tapir26_28-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tapir26_28-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher M. Hirata: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tapir.caltech.edu/~chirata/ph236/2011-12/lec26.pdf#5"><i>Lecture XXVI: Kerr black holes: I. Metric structure and regularity of particle orbits.</i></a> (PDF; 104&nbsp;kB), S. 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-zanotti-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zanotti_29-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zanotti_29-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Luciano Rezzolla, Olindo Zanotti: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=aS1oAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA57&amp;lpg=PA57&amp;dq=line+element+kerr+cartesian&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=WY2PtCOklR&amp;sig=2NwhW4uLthvq_NrFBL5I464Edf8&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjanOi52PLUAhVPJFAKHQ2ZAOoQ6AEITjAF#v=onepage&amp;q=line%20element%20kerr%20cartesian&amp;f=false"><i>Relativistic Hydrodynamics.</i></a> S. 55 bis 57, Gleichungen 1.249 bis 1.265.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-valeria-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-valeria_30-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-valeria_30-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonardo Gualtieri, Valeria Ferrari (INFN Rome): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916094513/http://www.roma1.infn.it/teongrav/VALERIA/TEACHING/ONDE_GRAV_STELLE_BUCHINERI/AA2013inpoi/Kerr.pdf"><i>The Kerr solution.</i></a> (PDF), Gleichungen 19.6, 19.7, 19.10 (Boyer-Lindquist), 19.52 (Kerr-Schild).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stdtxt-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stdtxt_31-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stdtxt_31-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Raine, Edwin Thomas: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=reQ7DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA80&amp;lpg=PA80&amp;dq=boyer+lindquist+circumference&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=NuuULFg5Zl&amp;sig=QQbAcHN1-lz9VDM06mKANCh3sVA&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiXnPvtnpjVAhWSUlAKHbkKDr0Q6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&amp;q=boyer%20lindquist%20circumference&amp;f=false"><i>Black Holes: A Student Text.</i></a> S. 80 ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tongeren-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tongeren_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stijn van Tongeren: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~proko101/StijnJvanTongeren_bh_talk2.pdf#page=42"><i>Rotating Black Holes.</i></a> (PDF; 1,2&nbsp;MB), S. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Thibault_Damour" title="Thibault Damour">Thibault Damour</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lapth.cnrs.fr/pg-nomin/chardon/IRAP_PhD/BlackHolesNice2012.pdf#page=11"><i>Black Holes: Energetics and Thermodynamics.</i></a> (PDF; 263&nbsp;kB), S. 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-visser10-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-visser10_34-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-visser10_34-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Visser: <i>The Kerr spacetime: A brief introduction.</i> (Erstveröffentlichung: <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.0622">0706.0622</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/0706.0622v3.pdf#page=10"><i>S. 10–14.</i></a> (PDF; 321&nbsp;kB), Gleichungen 32–42 u. 55–56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-komissarov-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-komissarov_35-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-komissarov_35-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Serguei Komissarov: <i>Electrodynamics of black hole magnetospheres.</i> S. 20, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0402403v2">astro-ph/0402403v2</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrei V. Frolov, Valeri P. Frolov: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1408.6316.pdf"><i>Rigidly rotating ZAMO surfaces in the Kerr spacetime.</i></a> <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.6316v1">1408.6316v1</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-abramowicz-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-abramowicz_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marek Abramowicz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1104.5499.pdf#page=11"><i>Foundations of Black Hole Accretion Disk Theory.</i></a> (PDF; 6,3&nbsp;MB), S. 11 ff., <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.5499">1104.5499</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bardeen1972-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bardeen1972_38-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bardeen1972_38-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bardeen1972_38-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bardeen1972_38-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">James Bardeen: <i>Rotating Black Holes: LNRFs.</i> In: <i>The Astrophysical Journal.</i> 1. Dez. 1972, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972ApJ...178..347B">1972ApJ...178..347B</a>. Gleichungen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&amp;bibcode=1972ApJ...178..347B&amp;letter=.&amp;classic=YES&amp;defaultprint=YES&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;page=347&amp;epage=347&amp;send=Send+PDF&amp;filetype=.pdf#page=4">(2.9),</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&amp;bibcode=1972ApJ...178..347B&amp;letter=.&amp;classic=YES&amp;defaultprint=YES&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;page=347&amp;epage=347&amp;send=Send+PDF&amp;filetype=.pdf#page=8">(3.2),</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&amp;bibcode=1972ApJ...178..347B&amp;letter=.&amp;classic=YES&amp;defaultprint=YES&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;page=347&amp;epage=347&amp;send=Send+PDF&amp;filetype=.pdf#page=9">(3.9)</a> und Abschnitt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&amp;bibcode=1972ApJ...178..347B&amp;letter=.&amp;classic=YES&amp;defaultprint=YES&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;page=347&amp;epage=347&amp;send=Send+PDF&amp;filetype=.pdf#page=7">III.</a> (PDF).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-carter1968-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-carter1968_39-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-carter1968_39-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-carter1968_39-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon Carter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.174.1559"><i>Global Structure of the Kerr Family of Gravitational Fields.</i></a> In: <i>Physical Review.</i> Band 174, Nr. 5, 25. Oktober 1968.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Levin-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Levin_40-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Levin_40-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Levin_40-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Janna Levin, Gabe Perez-Giz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/0802.0459.pdf#page=32"><i>A Periodic Table for Black Hole Orbits.</i></a> (PDF; 2,6&nbsp;MB), S. 32 ff., <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0802.0459">0802.0459</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrei V. Frolov, Valeri P. Frolov: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Rigidly rotating zero-angular-momentum observer surfaces in the Kerr spacetime</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Physical Review D</cite>. 90. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>, 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>124010</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.90.124010">10.1103/PhysRevD.90.124010</a></span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.6316">1408.6316</a>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvD..90l4010F">2014PhRvD..90l4010F</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kerr-Metrik&amp;rft.atitle=Rigidly+rotating+zero-angular-momentum+observer+surfaces+in+the+Kerr+spacetime&amp;rft.au=Andrei+V.%26%2332%3BFrolov%2C%26%2332%3BValeri+P.%26%2332%3BFrolov&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevD.90.124010&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&amp;rft.pages=124010&amp;rft.volume=90.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cebeci-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cebeci_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hakan Cebeci, Nülifer Özdemir: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hakan_Cebeci3/publication/288890529_Motion_of_the_charged_test_particles_in_Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT_spacetime_and_analytical_solutions/links/568a9ed808aebccc4e1a0dba/Motion-of-the-charged-test-particles-in-Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT-spacetime-and-analytical-solutions.pdf#page=6"><i>Motion of the charged test particles in Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT spacetime and analytical solutions.</i></a> (PDF; 959&nbsp;kB).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-fuerstandwu-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fuerstandwu_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Fuerst, Kinwah Wu: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0406401.pdf#page=4"><i>Radiation Transfer of Emission Lines in Curved Space-Time.</i></a> (PDF; 375&nbsp;kB), S. 4 ff., <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0406401">astro-ph/0406401</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-andreasmueller-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-andreasmueller_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Müller: <i>Lexikon der Astronomie.</i> Abschnitte <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spektrum.de/astrowissen/lexdt_z.html#zamo"><i>ZAMO</i></a> und <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spektrum.de/astrowissen/lexdt_t02.html#tetrad"><i>Tetrad.</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-teo-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-teo_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Teo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.nus.edu.sg/~phyteoe/kerr"><i>Spherical Photon Orbits Around A Kerr Black Hole.</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-leo-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-leo_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo C. Stein: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://duetosymmetry.com/tool/kerr-circular-photon-orbits"><i>Kerr Spherical Photon Orbits.</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-eagle-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eagle_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Guidry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517033002/http://eagle.phys.utk.edu/guidry/astro490/lectures/lecture490_ch13.pdf#page=9"><i>Chapter 13. Rotating Black Holes.</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 17. Mai 2017 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>). (PDF), S. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgi, Klainerman, Szeftel: <i>Wave equations estimates and the nonlinear stability of slowly rotating Kerr black holes.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.14808">Arxiv 2022.</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klainerman, Szeftel: <i>Kerr stability for small angular momentum.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.11857">Arxiv 2021.</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Nadis: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/black-holes-finally-proven-mathematically-stable-20220804/"><i>At Long Last, Mathematical Proof That Black Holes Are Stable.</i></a> Quanta Magazine, 4. August 2022.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf">Metriken <a href="Schwarzes_Loch#Physikalische_Beschreibung" title="Schwarzes Loch">Schwarzer Löcher</a><div class="erweiterte-navigationsleiste-quicklinks" style="float:left; font-weight:normal; font-size:75%; margin-left:1em; margin-right:2em; display:none;"><span title="Vorlage anzeigen">V</span> – <span title="Diskussion anzeigen">D</span></div></div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content" style="clear:left"><div class="erw-nav-leiste" style="margin:.1em 0;border-top:1px solid #FFF;padding-top:.2em;padding-bottom:.15em;text-align:center;font-size:95%"> <i>die De-Sitter-Varianten berücksichtigen die <a href="Dunkle_Energie" title="Dunkle Energie">dunkle Energie</a></i> </div>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>statisch</b>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>ungeladen</b>
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<p><a href="Schwarzschild-Metrik" title="Schwarzschild-Metrik">Schwarzschild-Metrik</a>&nbsp;• <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="Schwarzschild-De-Sitter-Metrik" title="Schwarzschild-De-Sitter-Metrik">Schwarzschild-De-Sitter-Metrik</a></span>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>geladen</b>
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<p><a href="Reissner-Nordstr%C3%B6m-Metrik" title="Reissner-Nordström-Metrik">Reissner-Nordström-Metrik</a>&nbsp;• <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="Reissner-Nordstr%C3%B6m-De-Sitter-Metrik" title="Reissner-Nordström-De-Sitter-Metrik">Reissner-Nordström-De-Sitter-Metrik</a></span>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>rotierend</b>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>ungeladen</b>
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<p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kerr-Metrik</a>&nbsp;• <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="Kerr-De-Sitter-Metrik" title="Kerr-De-Sitter-Metrik">Kerr-De-Sitter-Metrik</a></span>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>geladen</b>
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<p><a href="Kerr-Newman-Metrik" title="Kerr-Newman-Metrik">Kerr-Newman-Metrik</a>&nbsp;• <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="Kerr-Newman-De-Sitter-Metrik" title="Kerr-Newman-De-Sitter-Metrik">Kerr-Newman-De-Sitter-Metrik</a></span>
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